mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Fight Fire with Fire: Fine-tuning Hate Detectors using Large Samples of Generated Hate Speech

arXiv 2109.00591 ↗First posted 1 Sep 2021cs.CL cs.AIcited by 13

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Abstract (arXiv)

Automatic hate speech detection is hampered by the scarcity of labeled datasetd, leading to poor generalization. We employ pretrained language models (LMs) to alleviate this data bottleneck. We utilize the GPT LM for generating large amounts of synthetic hate speech sequences from available labeled examples, and leverage the generated data in fine-tuning large pretrained LMs on hate detection. An empirical study using the models of BERT, RoBERTa and ALBERT, shows that this approach improves generalization significantly and consistently within and across data distributions. In fact, we find that generating relevant labeled hate speech sequences is preferable to using out-of-domain, and sometimes also within-domain, human-labeled examples.

Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Sep 2021.

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12 of 23 references.

References · 12

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  3. 2019ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representationscited by 2,772
  4. 2020Don't Stop Pretraining: Adapt Language Models to Domains and Taskscited by 1,548
  5. 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 724
  6. 2018Large Scale Crowdsourcing and Characterization of Twitter Abusive Behaviorcited by 265
  7. 2020HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in Englishcited by 206
  8. 2018Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forumcited by 196
  9. 2019Not Enough Data? Deep Learning to the Rescue!cited by 174
  10. 2020Contextualizing Hate Speech Classifiers with Post-hoc Explanationcited by 84
  11. 2020Towards Hate Speech Detection at Large via Deep Generative Modelingcited by 12
  12. 2019UTFPR at SemEval-2019 Task 5: Hate Speech Identification with Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 4

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 5; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.

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