Fight Fire with Fire: Fine-tuning Hate Detectors using Large Samples of Generated Hate Speech
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Abstract (arXiv)
Automatic hate speech detection is hampered by the scarcity of labeled datasetd, leading to poor generalization. We employ pretrained language models (LMs) to alleviate this data bottleneck. We utilize the GPT LM for generating large amounts of synthetic hate speech sequences from available labeled examples, and leverage the generated data in fine-tuning large pretrained LMs on hate detection. An empirical study using the models of BERT, RoBERTa and ALBERT, shows that this approach improves generalization significantly and consistently within and across data distributions. In fact, we find that generating relevant labeled hate speech sequences is preferable to using out-of-domain, and sometimes also within-domain, human-labeled examples.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 23 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Sep 2021.
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12 of 23 references.
References · 12
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
- 2019ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representationscited by 2,772
- 2020Don't Stop Pretraining: Adapt Language Models to Domains and Taskscited by 1,548
- 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 724
- 2018Large Scale Crowdsourcing and Characterization of Twitter Abusive Behaviorcited by 265
- 2020HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in Englishcited by 206
- 2018Hate Speech Dataset from a White Supremacy Forumcited by 196
- 2019Not Enough Data? Deep Learning to the Rescue!cited by 174
- 2020Contextualizing Hate Speech Classifiers with Post-hoc Explanationcited by 84
- 2020Towards Hate Speech Detection at Large via Deep Generative Modelingcited by 12
- 2019UTFPR at SemEval-2019 Task 5: Hate Speech Identification with Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 5; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.
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- 2023Simple synthetic data reduces sycophancy in large language modelscited by 174
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
- 2024ToxiCraft: A Novel Framework for Synthetic Generation of Harmful Informationcited by 17
- 2023Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Multilingual Hate Speech Detectioncited by 11
- 2025HateBench: Benchmarking Hate Speech Detectors on LLM-Generated Content and Hate Campaignscited by 10
- 2021Character-level HyperNetworks for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 7
- 2023Generative AI for Hate Speech Detection: Evaluation and Findingscited by 6
- 2022CRUSH: Contextually Regularized and User anchored Self-supervised Hate speech Detectioncited by 5
- 2022Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gabcited by 1
- 2023Detecting Multidimensional Political Incivility on Social Mediacited by 1
- 2023Improving Cross-Domain Hate Speech Generalizability with Emotion Knowledgecited by 1
- 2024A Target-Aware Analysis of Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 0
- 2025HateBench: Benchmarking Hate Speech Detectors on LLM-Generated Content and Hate Campaigns28 Jan 2025
- 2024From Measurement Instruments to Data: Leveraging Theory-Driven Synthetic Training Data for Classifying Social Constructs16 Oct 2024
- 2024A Target-Aware Analysis of Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection10 Oct 2024
- 2024ToxiCraft: A Novel Framework for Synthetic Generation of Harmful Information23 Sep 2024
- 2023Improving Cross-Domain Hate Speech Generalizability with Emotion Knowledge24 Nov 2023
- 2023Generative AI for Hate Speech Detection: Evaluation and Findings16 Nov 2023
- 2023Simple synthetic data reduces sycophancy in large language models7 Aug 2023
- 2023Detecting Multidimensional Political Incivility on Social Media24 May 2023
- 2023Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection4 Mar 2023
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and review6 Oct 2022
- 2022CRUSH: Contextually Regularized and User anchored Self-supervised Hate speech Detection13 Apr 2022
- 2022Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gab27 Jan 2022
1 more
- 2021Character-level HyperNetworks for Hate Speech Detection11 Nov 2021
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
- 2023Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Multilingual Hate Speech Detectioncited by 11
- 2025HateBench: Benchmarking Hate Speech Detectors on LLM-Generated Content and Hate Campaignscited by 10
- 2021Character-level HyperNetworks for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 7
- 2023Generative AI for Hate Speech Detection: Evaluation and Findingscited by 6
- 2022CRUSH: Contextually Regularized and User anchored Self-supervised Hate speech Detectioncited by 5
- 2022Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gabcited by 1
- 2023Detecting Multidimensional Political Incivility on Social Mediacited by 1
- 2023Improving Cross-Domain Hate Speech Generalizability with Emotion Knowledgecited by 1
- 2024A Target-Aware Analysis of Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 0
- 2024From Measurement Instruments to Data: Leveraging Theory-Driven Synthetic Training Data for Classifying Social Constructscited by 0
- 2025HateBench: Benchmarking Hate Speech Detectors on LLM-Generated Content and Hate Campaigns28 Jan 2025
- 2024From Measurement Instruments to Data: Leveraging Theory-Driven Synthetic Training Data for Classifying Social Constructs16 Oct 2024
- 2024A Target-Aware Analysis of Data Augmentation for Hate Speech Detection10 Oct 2024
- 2023Improving Cross-Domain Hate Speech Generalizability with Emotion Knowledge24 Nov 2023
- 2023Generative AI for Hate Speech Detection: Evaluation and Findings16 Nov 2023
- 2023Detecting Multidimensional Political Incivility on Social Media24 May 2023
- 2023Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Multilingual Hate Speech Detection4 Mar 2023
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and review6 Oct 2022
- 2022CRUSH: Contextually Regularized and User anchored Self-supervised Hate speech Detection13 Apr 2022
- 2022Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gab27 Jan 2022
- 2021Character-level HyperNetworks for Hate Speech Detection11 Nov 2021