Variable-Rate Deep Image Compression through Spatially-Adaptive Feature Transform
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a versatile deep image compression network based on Spatial Feature Transform (SFT arXiv:1804.02815), which takes a source image and a corresponding quality map as inputs and produce a compressed image with variable rates. Our model covers a wide range of compression rates using a single model, which is controlled by arbitrary pixel-wise quality maps. In addition, the proposed framework allows us to perform task-aware image compressions for various tasks, e.g., classification, by efficiently estimating optimized quality maps specific to target tasks for our encoding network. This is even possible with a pretrained network without learning separate models for individual tasks. Our algorithm achieves outstanding rate-distortion trade-off compared to the approaches based on multiple models that are optimized separately for several different target rates. At the same level of compression, the proposed approach successfully improves performance on image classification and text region quality preservation via task-aware quality map estimation without additional model training. The code is available at the project website: https://github.com/micmic123/QmapCompression
Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Aug 2021.
Builds on
33 of 52 references.
References · 33
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
- 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
- 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,690
- 2017Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 1,998
- 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,295
- 2018Variational image compression with a scale hyperpriorcited by 910
- 2016End-to-end Optimized Image Compressioncited by 673
- 2018Joint Autoregressive and Hierarchical Priors for Learned Image Compressioncited by 642
21 more
- 2018Recovering Realistic Texture in Image Super-resolution by Deep Spatial Feature Transformcited by 369
- 2020High-Fidelity Generative Image Compressioncited by 331
- 2020CompressAI: a PyTorch library and evaluation platform for end-to-end compression researchcited by 271
- 2020Channel-wise Autoregressive Entropy Models for Learned Image Compressioncited by 255
- 2018Generative Adversarial Networks for Extreme Learned Image Compressioncited by 213
- 2016Full Resolution Image Compression with Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 170
- 2017Soft-to-Hard Vector Quantization for End-to-End Learning Compressible Representationscited by 149
- 2018Context-adaptive Entropy Model for End-to-end Optimized Image Compressioncited by 138
- 2018Conditional Probability Models for Deep Image Compressioncited by 128
- 2017Real-Time Adaptive Image Compressioncited by 127
- 2019Variable Rate Deep Image Compression With a Conditional Autoencodercited by 109
- 2020Transfer Learning from Synthetic to Real-Noise Denoising with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 92
- 2017Improved Lossy Image Compression with Priming and Spatially Adaptive Bit Rates for Recurrent Networkscited by 91
- 2017Learning Convolutional Networks for Content-weighted Image Compressioncited by 73
- 2018Deep Generative Models for Distribution-Preserving Lossy Compressioncited by 59
- 2019Variable Rate Deep Image Compression with Modulated Autoencodercited by 39
- 2019Computationally Efficient Neural Image Compressioncited by 31
- 2019Learning Content-Weighted Deep Image Compressioncited by 28
- 2020Deep Image Compression using Decoder Side Informationcited by 14
- 2018Spatially adaptive image compression using a tiled deep networkcited by 10
- 2020Channel-Level Variable Quantization Network for Deep Image Compressioncited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 9; 2023: 15; 2024: 13; 2025: 9; 2026: 9.
56 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022Towards Semantic Communications: Deep Learning-Based Image Semantic Codingcited by 35
- 2023A Residual Diffusion Model for High Perceptual Quality Codec Augmentationcited by 33
- 2022Image Coding for Machines with Omnipotent Feature Learningcited by 31
- 2024Boosting Neural Representations for Videos with a Conditional Decodercited by 29
- 2023Context-Based Trit-Plane Coding for Progressive Image Compressioncited by 21
- 2022Flexible Neural Image Compression via Code Editingcited by 19
- 2022B-CANF: Adaptive B-frame Coding with Conditional Augmented Normalizing Flowscited by 18
- 2022Selective compression learning of latent representations for variable-rate image compressioncited by 16
- 2024Controlling Rate, Distortion, and Realism: Towards a Single Comprehensive Neural Image Compression Modelcited by 16
- 2022Content Adaptive Latents and Decoder for Neural Image Compressioncited by 14
- 2024All-in-One Image Coding for Joint Human-Machine Vision with Multi-Path Aggregationcited by 14
- 2021LC-FDNet: Learned Lossless Image Compression with Frequency Decomposition Networkcited by 12
38 more
- 2023QVRF: A Quantization-error-aware Variable Rate Framework for Learned Image Compressioncited by 11
- 2024Rate-Distortion-Cognition Controllable Versatile Neural Image Compressioncited by 11
- 2023ROI-based Deep Image Compression with Swin Transformerscited by 10
- 2023Beyond Learned Metadata-based Raw Image Reconstructioncited by 9
- 2022High-Fidelity Variable-Rate Image Compression via Invertible Activation Transformationcited by 8
- 2025UniPCGC: Towards Practical Point Cloud Geometry Compression via an Efficient Unified Approachcited by 8
- 2023Prompt-ICM: A Unified Framework towards Image Coding for Machines with Task-driven Promptscited by 7
- 2023Transformer-based Variable-rate Image Compression with Region-of-interest Controlcited by 7
- 2022IDLat: An Importance-Driven Latent Generation Method for Scientific Datacited by 6
- 2025An Efficient Adaptive Compression Method for Human Perception and Machine Vision Taskscited by 5
- 2023Deep Image Compression Using Scene Text Quality Assessmentcited by 4
- 2023Variational Bayes image restoration with compressive autoencoderscited by 4
- 2024Towards Point Cloud Compression for Machine Perception: A Simple and Strong Baseline by Learning the Octree Depth Level Predictorcited by 4
- 2024Distributed Semantic Segmentation with Efficient Joint Source and Task Decodingcited by 4
- 2025Multi-Scale Invertible Neural Network for Wide-Range Variable-Rate Learned Image Compressioncited by 4
- 2023COMPASS: High-Efficiency Deep Image Compression with Arbitrary-scale Spatial Scalabilitycited by 3
- 2023Progressive Learning with Visual Prompt Tuning for Variable-Rate Image Compressioncited by 3
- 2023Exploring the Rate-Distortion-Complexity Optimization in Neural Image Compressioncited by 2
- 2024Bit Distribution Study and Implementation of Spatial Quality Map in the JPEG-AI Standardizationcited by 2
- 2024Bit Rate Matching Algorithm Optimization in JPEG-AI Verification Modelcited by 2
- 2024Survey on Visual Signal Coding and Processing with Generative Models: Technologies, Standards and Optimizationcited by 2
- 2024Rate-Adaptive Quantization: A Multi-Rate Codebook Adaptation for Vector Quantization-based Generative Modelscited by 2
- 2025Learned Rate Control for Frame-Level Adaptive Neural Video Compression via Dynamic Neural Networkcited by 2
- 2023Content-Adaptive Motion Rate Adaption for Learned Video Compressioncited by 1
- 2023Transformer-based Image Compression with Variable Image Quality Objectivescited by 1
- 2024Rethinking Learned Image Compression: Context is All You Needcited by 1
- 2024Learned Compression of Point Cloud Geometry and Attributes in a Single Model through Multimodal Rate-Controlcited by 1
- 2024Deep priors for satellite image restoration with accurate uncertaintiescited by 1
- 2025Training-Free Adaptive Quantization for Variable Rate Image Coding for Machinescited by 1
- 2026TextBoost: Boosting Scene Text Fidelity in Ultra-low Bitrate Image Compressioncited by 1
- 2026Learned Image Compression for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 1
- 2022Learned Hierarchical B-frame Coding with Adaptive Feature Modulation for YUV 4:2:0 Contentcited by 0
- 2023SigVIC: Spatial Importance Guided Variable-Rate Image Compressioncited by 0
- 2025Perception-Oriented Latent Coding for High-Performance Compressed Domain Semantic Inferencecited by 0
- 2025Comp-X: On Defining an Interactive Learned Image Compression Paradigm With Expert-driven LLM Agentcited by 0
- 2025Variable Rate Image Compression via N-Gram Context based Swin-transformercited by 0
- 2025TerraCodec: Compressing Optical Earth Observation Datacited by 0
- 2026Saliency Driven Imagery Preprocessing for Efficient Compression -- Industrial Papercited by 0
50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026MoECodec: Image Compression for joint human and machine perception via Mixture-of-Experts19 Jun 2026
- 2026Learned Image Compression for Vision-Language-Action Models15 Jun 2026
- 2026Variable-Rate Deep Image Compression based on Low-Rank Adaptation by Progressive Learning15 Jun 2026
- 2026AIR: Amortized Image Reconstruction Framework for Self-Supervised Feed-Forward 2D Gaussian Splatting20 May 2026
- 2026Adaptive Fused Prior Transfer for Controllable Generative Image Compression16 May 2026
- 2026Region-Adaptive Generative Compression with Spatially Varying Diffusion Models1 Apr 2026
- 2026Inevitable Encounters: Backdoor Attacks Involving Lossy Compression14 Mar 2026
- 2026TextBoost: Boosting Scene Text Fidelity in Ultra-low Bitrate Image Compression4 Mar 2026
- 2026Saliency Driven Imagery Preprocessing for Efficient Compression -- Industrial Paper24 Jan 2026
- 2025Training-Free Adaptive Quantization for Variable Rate Image Coding for Machines8 Nov 2025
- 2025TerraCodec: Compressing Optical Earth Observation Data14 Oct 2025
- 2025Variable Rate Image Compression via N-Gram Context based Swin-transformer28 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025Learned Rate Control for Frame-Level Adaptive Neural Video Compression via Dynamic Neural Network28 Aug 2025
- 2025Comp-X: On Defining an Interactive Learned Image Compression Paradigm With Expert-driven LLM Agent21 Aug 2025
- 2025Perception-Oriented Latent Coding for High-Performance Compressed Domain Semantic Inference2 Jul 2025
- 2025Multi-Scale Invertible Neural Network for Wide-Range Variable-Rate Learned Image Compression27 Mar 2025
- 2025UniPCGC: Towards Practical Point Cloud Geometry Compression via an Efficient Unified Approach24 Mar 2025
- 2025An Efficient Adaptive Compression Method for Human Perception and Machine Vision Tasks8 Jan 2025
- 2024Deep priors for satellite image restoration with accurate uncertainties5 Dec 2024
- 2024All-in-One Image Coding for Joint Human-Machine Vision with Multi-Path Aggregation29 Sep 2024
- 2024Learned Compression of Point Cloud Geometry and Attributes in a Single Model through Multimodal Rate-Control1 Aug 2024
- 2024Rate-Distortion-Cognition Controllable Versatile Neural Image Compression16 Jul 2024
- 2024Rethinking Learned Image Compression: Context is All You Need16 Jul 2024
- 2024Distributed Semantic Segmentation with Efficient Joint Source and Task Decoding15 Jul 2024
- 2024Towards Point Cloud Compression for Machine Perception: A Simple and Strong Baseline by Learning the Octree Depth Level Predictor2 Jun 2024
- 2024Controlling Rate, Distortion, and Realism: Towards a Single Comprehensive Neural Image Compression Model27 May 2024
- 2024Rate-Adaptive Quantization: A Multi-Rate Codebook Adaptation for Vector Quantization-based Generative Models23 May 2024
- 2024Survey on Visual Signal Coding and Processing with Generative Models: Technologies, Standards and Optimization23 May 2024
- 2024Boosting Neural Representations for Videos with a Conditional Decoder28 Feb 2024
- 2024Bit Rate Matching Algorithm Optimization in JPEG-AI Verification Model27 Feb 2024
- 2024Bit Distribution Study and Implementation of Spatial Quality Map in the JPEG-AI Standardization27 Feb 2024
- 2023Variational Bayes image restoration with compressive autoencoders29 Nov 2023
- 2023Progressive Learning with Visual Prompt Tuning for Variable-Rate Image Compression23 Nov 2023
- 2023Transformer-based Image Compression with Variable Image Quality Objectives22 Sep 2023
- 2023COMPASS: High-Efficiency Deep Image Compression with Arbitrary-scale Spatial Scalability11 Sep 2023
- 2023Beyond Learned Metadata-based Raw Image Reconstruction21 Jun 2023
- 2023Deep Image Compression Using Scene Text Quality Assessment19 May 2023
- 2023Transformer-based Variable-rate Image Compression with Region-of-interest Control18 May 2023
- 2023ROI-based Deep Image Compression with Swin Transformers12 May 2023
- 2023Exploring the Rate-Distortion-Complexity Optimization in Neural Image Compression12 May 2023
- 2023Prompt-ICM: A Unified Framework towards Image Coding for Machines with Task-driven Prompts4 May 2023
- 2023SigVIC: Spatial Importance Guided Variable-Rate Image Compression16 Mar 2023
- 2023QVRF: A Quantization-error-aware Variable Rate Framework for Learned Image Compression10 Mar 2023
- 2023Context-Based Trit-Plane Coding for Progressive Image Compression10 Mar 2023
- 2023Content-Adaptive Motion Rate Adaption for Learned Video Compression13 Feb 2023
- 2023A Residual Diffusion Model for High Perceptual Quality Codec Augmentation13 Jan 2023
- 2022Learned Hierarchical B-frame Coding with Adaptive Feature Modulation for YUV 4:2:0 Content29 Dec 2022
- 2022Content Adaptive Latents and Decoder for Neural Image Compression20 Dec 2022
- 2022Selective compression learning of latent representations for variable-rate image compression8 Nov 2022
- 2022Flexible Neural Image Compression via Code Editing19 Sep 2022
50 newest of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026Learned Image Compression for Vision-Language-Action Models15 Jun 2026
- 2022Towards Semantic Communications: Deep Learning-Based Image Semantic Codingcited by 35
- 2022Image Coding for Machines with Omnipotent Feature Learningcited by 31
- 2024Boosting Neural Representations for Videos with a Conditional Decodercited by 29
- 2023Context-Based Trit-Plane Coding for Progressive Image Compressioncited by 21
- 2022Flexible Neural Image Compression via Code Editingcited by 19
- 2022B-CANF: Adaptive B-frame Coding with Conditional Augmented Normalizing Flowscited by 18
- 2022Selective compression learning of latent representations for variable-rate image compressioncited by 16
- 2024Controlling Rate, Distortion, and Realism: Towards a Single Comprehensive Neural Image Compression Modelcited by 16
- 2022Content Adaptive Latents and Decoder for Neural Image Compressioncited by 14
- 2024All-in-One Image Coding for Joint Human-Machine Vision with Multi-Path Aggregationcited by 14
- 2021LC-FDNet: Learned Lossless Image Compression with Frequency Decomposition Networkcited by 12
- 2023QVRF: A Quantization-error-aware Variable Rate Framework for Learned Image Compressioncited by 11
12 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026Variable-Rate Deep Image Compression based on Low-Rank Adaptation by Progressive Learning15 Jun 2026
- 2026AIR: Amortized Image Reconstruction Framework for Self-Supervised Feed-Forward 2D Gaussian Splatting20 May 2026
- 2026Adaptive Fused Prior Transfer for Controllable Generative Image Compression16 May 2026
- 2026Inevitable Encounters: Backdoor Attacks Involving Lossy Compression14 Mar 2026
- 2026TextBoost: Boosting Scene Text Fidelity in Ultra-low Bitrate Image Compression4 Mar 2026
- 2026Saliency Driven Imagery Preprocessing for Efficient Compression -- Industrial Paper24 Jan 2026
- 2025Training-Free Adaptive Quantization for Variable Rate Image Coding for Machines8 Nov 2025
- 2025TerraCodec: Compressing Optical Earth Observation Data14 Oct 2025
- 2025Variable Rate Image Compression via N-Gram Context based Swin-transformer28 Sep 2025
- 2025Learned Rate Control for Frame-Level Adaptive Neural Video Compression via Dynamic Neural Network28 Aug 2025
- 2025Perception-Oriented Latent Coding for High-Performance Compressed Domain Semantic Inference2 Jul 2025
- 2025Multi-Scale Invertible Neural Network for Wide-Range Variable-Rate Learned Image Compression27 Mar 2025
12 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)