Crown Jewels Analysis using Reinforcement Learning with Attack Graphs
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Abstract (arXiv)
Cyber attacks pose existential threats to nations and enterprises. Current practice favors piece-wise analysis using threat-models in the stead of rigorous cyber terrain analysis and intelligence preparation of the battlefield. Automated penetration testing using reinforcement learning offers a new and promising approach for developing methodologies that are driven by network structure and cyber terrain, that can be later interpreted in terms of threat-models, but that are principally network-driven analyses. This paper presents a novel method for crown jewel analysis termed CJA-RL that uses reinforcement learning to identify key terrain and avenues of approach for exploiting crown jewels. In our experiment, CJA-RL identified ideal entry points, choke points, and pivots for exploiting a network with multiple crown jewels, exemplifying how CJA-RL and reinforcement learning for penetration testing generally can benefit computer network operations workflows.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 3 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Aug 2021.
Builds on
3 of 29 references.
References · 3
- 2013Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3,211
- 2019Autonomous Penetration Testing using Reinforcement Learningcited by 33
- 2021Using Cyber Terrain in Reinforcement Learning for Penetration Testingcited by 16
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 1; 2024: 4; 2025: 1.
8 papers.
- 2023Automated Cyber Defence: A Reviewcited by 19
- 2022Discovering Exfiltration Paths Using Reinforcement Learning with Attack Graphscited by 8
- 2025Automated Cyber Defense with Generalizable Graph-based Reinforcement Learning Agentscited by 6
- 2024SoK: On the Offensive Potential of AIcited by 5
- 2022Exposing Surveillance Detection Routes via Reinforcement Learning, Attack Graphs, and Cyber Terraincited by 3
- 2024Discovering Command and Control Channels Using Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2024Leveraging Reinforcement Learning in Red Teaming for Advanced Ransomware Attack Simulationscited by 1
- 2024Discovering Command and Control (C2) Channels on Tor and Public Networks Using Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2025Automated Cyber Defense with Generalizable Graph-based Reinforcement Learning Agents19 Sep 2025
- 2024SoK: On the Offensive Potential of AI24 Dec 2024
- 2024Leveraging Reinforcement Learning in Red Teaming for Advanced Ransomware Attack Simulations25 Jun 2024
- 2024Discovering Command and Control (C2) Channels on Tor and Public Networks Using Reinforcement Learning14 Feb 2024
- 2024Discovering Command and Control Channels Using Reinforcement Learning13 Jan 2024
- 2023Automated Cyber Defence: A Review8 Mar 2023
- 2022Exposing Surveillance Detection Routes via Reinforcement Learning, Attack Graphs, and Cyber Terrain6 Nov 2022
- 2022Discovering Exfiltration Paths Using Reinforcement Learning with Attack Graphs28 Jan 2022