mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Diachronic Analysis of German Parliamentary Proceedings: Ideological Shifts through the Lens of Political Biases

arXiv 2108.06295 ↗First posted 13 Aug 2021cs.CL cs.DLcited by 13

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Abstract (arXiv)

We analyze bias in historical corpora as encoded in diachronic distributional semantic models by focusing on two specific forms of bias, namely a political (i.e., anti-communism) and racist (i.e., antisemitism) one. For this, we use a new corpus of German parliamentary proceedings, DeuPARL, spanning the period 1867--2020. We complement this analysis of historical biases in diachronic word embeddings with a novel measure of bias on the basis of term co-occurrences and graph-based label propagation. The results of our bias measurements align with commonly perceived historical trends of antisemitic and anti-communist biases in German politics in different time periods, thus indicating the viability of analyzing historical bias trends using semantic spaces induced from historical corpora.

Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Aug 2021.

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20 of 38 references.

References · 20

  1. 2013Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionalitycited by 3,462
  2. 2019A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learningcited by 1,911
  3. 2016Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Informationcited by 1,578
  4. 2016Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddingscited by 1,304
  5. 2016Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biasescited by 894
  6. 2019Measuring Bias in Contextualized Word Representationscited by 275
  7. 2019Lipstick on a Pig: Debiasing Methods Cover up Systematic Gender Biases in Word Embeddings But do not Remove Themcited by 268
  8. 2017Word Embeddings Quantify 100 Years of Gender and Ethnic Stereotypescited by 251
  9. 2016Diachronic Word Embeddings Reveal Statistical Laws of Semantic Changecited by 219
  10. 2019Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddingscited by 203
  11. 2019Evaluating the Underlying Gender Bias in Contextualized Word Embeddingscited by 94
  12. 2019Attenuating Bias in Word Vectorscited by 64
8 more
  1. 2019Understanding Undesirable Word Embedding Associationscited by 59
  2. 2019A General Framework for Implicit and Explicit Debiasing of Distributional Word Vector Spacescited by 36
  3. 2019Are We Consistently Biased? Multidimensional Analysis of Biases in Distributional Word Vectorscited by 31
  4. 2019Training Temporal Word Embeddings with a Compasscited by 22
  5. 2020AraWEAT: Multidimensional Analysis of Biases in Arabic Word Embeddingscited by 20
  6. 2017On the Linearity of Semantic Change: Investigating Meaning Variation via Dynamic Graph Modelscited by 11
  7. 2020Bias in Data-driven AI Systems -- An Introductory Surveycited by 10
  8. 2019Tracing Antisemitic Language Through Diachronic Embedding Projections: France 1789-1914cited by 9

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 4; 2023: 2; 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

13 papers.

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  1. 2021Sustainable Modular Debiasing of Language Modelscited by 98
  2. 2023A Survey on Fairness in Large Language Modelscited by 91
  3. 2022American == White in Multimodal Language-and-Image AIcited by 39
  4. 2022Fair and Argumentative Language Modeling for Computational Argumentationcited by 18
  5. 2022Fine-Grained Detection of Solidarity for Women and Migrants in 155 Years of German Parliamentary Debatescited by 6
  6. 2025Do Emotions Really Affect Argument Convincingness? A Dynamic Approach with LLM-based Manipulation Checkscited by 6
  7. 2024Syntactic Language Change in English and German: Metrics, Parsers, and Convergencescited by 3
  8. 2024Zeitenwenden: Detecting changes in the German political discoursecited by 3
  9. 2024SpeakGer: A meta-data enriched speech corpus of German state and federal parliamentscited by 2
  10. 2022Unsupervised Detection of Contextualized Embedding Bias with Application to Ideologycited by 1
  11. 2023Speaker attribution in German parliamentary debates with QLoRA-adapted large language modelscited by 1
  12. 2025LLM Analysis of 150+ years of German Parliamentary Debates on Migration Reveals Shift from Post-War Solidarity to Anti-Solidarity in the Last Decadecited by 0
1 more
  1. 2026ChronoLens: Measuring Language Change Across Time, Languages, and Linguistic Levelscited by 0