Fully Homomorphically Encrypted Deep Learning as a Service
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Abstract (arXiv)
Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a relatively recent advancement in the field of privacy-preserving technologies. FHE allows for the arbitrary depth computation of both addition and multiplication, and thus the application of abelian/polynomial equations, like those found in deep learning algorithms. This project investigates, derives, and proves how FHE with deep learning can be used at scale, with relatively low time complexity, the problems that such a system incurs, and mitigations/solutions for such problems. In addition, we discuss how this could have an impact on the future of data privacy and how it can enable data sharing across various actors in the agri-food supply chain, hence allowing the development of machine learning-based systems. Finally, we find that although FHE incurs a high spatial complexity cost, the time complexity is within expected reasonable bounds, while allowing for absolutely private predictions to be made, in our case for milk yield prediction.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 35 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jul 2021.
Builds on
9 of 35 references.
References · 9
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2018Gazelle: A Low Latency Framework for Secure Neural Network Inferencecited by 193
- 20191D Convolutional Neural Networks and Applications: A Surveycited by 152
- 2021Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning with Fully Homomorphic Encryption for Deep Neural Networkcited by 57
- 2017Classification of Time-Series Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 38
- 2020On Polynomial Approximations for Privacy-Preserving and Verifiable ReLU Networkscited by 19
- 2021The Role of Cross-Silo Federated Learning in Facilitating Data Sharing in the Agri-Food Sectorcited by 16
- 2019Using Deep Learning to Predict Plant Growth and Yield in Greenhouse Environmentscited by 9
- 2020An autoencoder wavelet based deep neural network with attention mechanism for multistep prediction of plant growthcited by 7
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 2; 2025: 1.
6 papers.
- 2024SLIP: Securing LLMs IP Using Weights Decompositioncited by 13
- 2022Premonition Net, A Multi-Timeline Transformer Network Architecture Towards Strawberry Tabletop Yield Forecastingcited by 4
- 2024HEQuant: Marrying Homomorphic Encryption and Quantization for Communication-Efficient Private Inferencecited by 2
- 2021EDLaaS: Fully Homomorphic Encryption Over Neural Network Graphs for Vision and Private Strawberry Yield Forecastingcited by 1
- 2023Data Privacy with Homomorphic Encryption in Neural Networks Training and Inferencecited by 0
- 2025Enhancing Strawberry Yield Forecasting with Backcasted IoT Sensor Data and Machine Learningcited by 0
- 2025Enhancing Strawberry Yield Forecasting with Backcasted IoT Sensor Data and Machine Learning25 Apr 2025
- 2024SLIP: Securing LLMs IP Using Weights Decomposition15 Jul 2024
- 2024HEQuant: Marrying Homomorphic Encryption and Quantization for Communication-Efficient Private Inference29 Jan 2024
- 2023Data Privacy with Homomorphic Encryption in Neural Networks Training and Inference3 May 2023
- 2022Premonition Net, A Multi-Timeline Transformer Network Architecture Towards Strawberry Tabletop Yield Forecasting15 Nov 2022
- 2021EDLaaS: Fully Homomorphic Encryption Over Neural Network Graphs for Vision and Private Strawberry Yield Forecasting26 Oct 2021