Stock price prediction using BERT and GAN
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Abstract (arXiv)
The stock market has been a popular topic of interest in the recent past. The growth in the inflation rate has compelled people to invest in the stock and commodity markets and other areas rather than saving. Further, the ability of Deep Learning models to make predictions on the time series data has been proven time and again. Technical analysis on the stock market with the help of technical indicators has been the most common practice among traders and investors. One more aspect is the sentiment analysis - the emotion of the investors that shows the willingness to invest. A variety of techniques have been used by people around the globe involving basic Machine Learning and Neural Networks. Ranging from the basic linear regression to the advanced neural networks people have experimented with all possible techniques to predict the stock market. It's evident from recent events how news and headlines affect the stock markets and cryptocurrencies. This paper proposes an ensemble of state-of-the-art methods for predicting stock prices. Firstly sentiment analysis of the news and the headlines for the company Apple Inc, listed on the NASDAQ is performed using a version of BERT, which is a pre-trained transformer model by Google for Natural Language Processing (NLP). Afterward, a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) predicts the stock price for Apple Inc using the technical indicators, stock indexes of various countries, some commodities, and historical prices along with the sentiment scores. Comparison is done with baseline models like - Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), vanilla GAN, and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model.
Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Jul 2021.
Builds on
9 of 42 references.
References · 9
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2014Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translationcited by 4,016
- 2016InfoGAN: Interpretable Representation Learning by Information Maximizing Generative Adversarial Netscited by 858
- 2019FinBERT: Financial Sentiment Analysis with Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 378
- 2013Good Debt or Bad Debt: Detecting Semantic Orientations in Economic Textscited by 310
- 2015Unitary Evolution Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 291
- 2020Deep learning for Stock Market Predictioncited by 10
- 2021TI-Capsule: Capsule Network for Stock Exchange Predictioncited by 4
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
11 papers.
- 2022PreBit -- A multimodal model with Twitter FinBERT embeddings for extreme price movement prediction of Bitcoincited by 7
- 2023Transformers versus LSTMs for electronic tradingcited by 4
- 2023Stock Broad-Index Trend Patterns Learning via Domain Knowledge Informed Generative Networkcited by 3
- 2023Methods for Acquiring and Incorporating Knowledge into Stock Price Prediction: A Surveycited by 3
- 2024DeFine: Decision-Making with Analogical Reasoning over Factor Profilescited by 3
- 2022StonkBERT: Can Language Models Predict Medium-Run Stock Price Movements?cited by 1
- 2023Stock and market index prediction using Informer networkcited by 1
- 2021ESAN: Efficient Sentiment Analysis Network of A-Shares Research Reports for Stock Price Predictioncited by 0
- 2024Stock Price Responses to Firm-Level News in Supply Chain Networkscited by 0
- 2025Encoder Decoder Generative Adversarial Network Model for Stock Market Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Beyond Sequential Prediction: Learning Financial Market Dynamics in Volatile and Non-Stationary Environments through Sentiment-Conditioned Generative Modellingcited by 0
- 2026Beyond Sequential Prediction: Learning Financial Market Dynamics in Volatile and Non-Stationary Environments through Sentiment-Conditioned Generative Modelling13 Apr 2026
- 2025Encoder Decoder Generative Adversarial Network Model for Stock Market Prediction12 Oct 2025
- 2024DeFine: Decision-Making with Analogical Reasoning over Factor Profiles2 Oct 2024
- 2024Stock Price Responses to Firm-Level News in Supply Chain Networks10 Sep 2024
- 2023Transformers versus LSTMs for electronic trading20 Sep 2023
- 2023Methods for Acquiring and Incorporating Knowledge into Stock Price Prediction: A Survey9 Aug 2023
- 2023Stock and market index prediction using Informer network22 May 2023
- 2023Stock Broad-Index Trend Patterns Learning via Domain Knowledge Informed Generative Network27 Feb 2023
- 2022PreBit -- A multimodal model with Twitter FinBERT embeddings for extreme price movement prediction of Bitcoin30 May 2022
- 2022StonkBERT: Can Language Models Predict Medium-Run Stock Price Movements?4 Feb 2022
- 2021ESAN: Efficient Sentiment Analysis Network of A-Shares Research Reports for Stock Price Prediction3 Dec 2021