mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Stock price prediction using BERT and GAN

arXiv 2107.09055 ↗First posted 18 Jul 2021q-fin.ST cs.CL cs.LGcited by 11

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Abstract (arXiv)

The stock market has been a popular topic of interest in the recent past. The growth in the inflation rate has compelled people to invest in the stock and commodity markets and other areas rather than saving. Further, the ability of Deep Learning models to make predictions on the time series data has been proven time and again. Technical analysis on the stock market with the help of technical indicators has been the most common practice among traders and investors. One more aspect is the sentiment analysis - the emotion of the investors that shows the willingness to invest. A variety of techniques have been used by people around the globe involving basic Machine Learning and Neural Networks. Ranging from the basic linear regression to the advanced neural networks people have experimented with all possible techniques to predict the stock market. It's evident from recent events how news and headlines affect the stock markets and cryptocurrencies. This paper proposes an ensemble of state-of-the-art methods for predicting stock prices. Firstly sentiment analysis of the news and the headlines for the company Apple Inc, listed on the NASDAQ is performed using a version of BERT, which is a pre-trained transformer model by Google for Natural Language Processing (NLP). Afterward, a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) predicts the stock price for Apple Inc using the technical indicators, stock indexes of various countries, some commodities, and historical prices along with the sentiment scores. Comparison is done with baseline models like - Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), vanilla GAN, and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model.

Key facts. Cited by 11 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 9 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Jul 2021.

Builds on

9 of 42 references.

References · 9

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2014Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translationcited by 4,016
  4. 2016InfoGAN: Interpretable Representation Learning by Information Maximizing Generative Adversarial Netscited by 858
  5. 2019FinBERT: Financial Sentiment Analysis with Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 378
  6. 2013Good Debt or Bad Debt: Detecting Semantic Orientations in Economic Textscited by 310
  7. 2015Unitary Evolution Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 291
  8. 2020Deep learning for Stock Market Predictioncited by 10
  9. 2021TI-Capsule: Capsule Network for Stock Exchange Predictioncited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 4; 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.

11 papers.