Survey of Self-Play in Reinforcement Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
In reinforcement learning (RL), the term self-play describes a kind of multi-agent learning (MAL) that deploys an algorithm against copies of itself to test compatibility in various stochastic environments. As is typical in MAL, the literature draws heavily from well-established concepts in classical game theory and so this survey quickly reviews some fundamental concepts. In what follows, we present a brief survey of self-play literature, its major themes, criteria, and techniques, and then conclude with an assessment of current shortfalls of the literature as well as suggestions for future directions.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Jul 2021.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 0; 2024: 3; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
8 papers.
- 2025Search Self-play: Pushing the Frontier of Agent Capability without Supervisioncited by 31
- 2024A Survey on Self-play Methods in Reinforcement Learningcited by 26
- 2026From Context to Skills: Can Language Models Learn from Context Skillfully?cited by 19
- 2022On-the-fly Strategy Adaptation for ad-hoc Agent Coordinationcited by 7
- 2025SPFT-SQL: Enhancing Large Language Model for Text-to-SQL Parsing by Self-Play Fine-Tuningcited by 5
- 2022Distributed Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Survey and A Multi-Player Multi-Agent Learning Toolboxcited by 4
- 2024A Fairness-Driven Method for Learning Human-Compatible Negotiation Strategiescited by 1
- 2024Competing for pixels: a self-play algorithm for weakly-supervised segmentationcited by 0
- 2026From Context to Skills: Can Language Models Learn from Context Skillfully?30 Apr 2026
- 2025Search Self-play: Pushing the Frontier of Agent Capability without Supervision21 Oct 2025
- 2025SPFT-SQL: Enhancing Large Language Model for Text-to-SQL Parsing by Self-Play Fine-Tuning4 Sep 2025
- 2024A Fairness-Driven Method for Learning Human-Compatible Negotiation Strategies26 Sep 2024
- 2024A Survey on Self-play Methods in Reinforcement Learning2 Aug 2024
- 2024Competing for pixels: a self-play algorithm for weakly-supervised segmentation26 May 2024
- 2022Distributed Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Survey and A Multi-Player Multi-Agent Learning Toolbox1 Dec 2022
- 2022On-the-fly Strategy Adaptation for ad-hoc Agent Coordination8 Mar 2022