A Generative Model for Raw Audio Using Transformer Architectures
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper proposes a novel way of doing audio synthesis at the waveform level using Transformer architectures. We propose a deep neural network for generating waveforms, similar to wavenet. This is fully probabilistic, auto-regressive, and causal, i.e. each sample generated depends only on the previously observed samples. Our approach outperforms a widely used wavenet architecture by up to 9% on a similar dataset for predicting the next step. Using the attention mechanism, we enable the architecture to learn which audio samples are important for the prediction of the future sample. We show how causal transformer generative models can be used for raw waveform synthesis. We also show that this performance can be improved by another 2% by conditioning samples over a wider context. The flexibility of the current model to synthesize audio from latent representations suggests a large number of potential applications. The novel approach of using generative transformer architectures for raw audio synthesis is, however, still far away from generating any meaningful music, without using latent codes/meta-data to aid the generation process.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jun 2021.
Builds on
36 of 56 references.
References · 36
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24 more
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 3; 2023: 5; 2024: 6; 2025: 2.
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- 2021MT3: Multi-Task Multitrack Music Transcriptioncited by 70
- 2023The Ethical Implications of Generative Audio Models: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 18
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Audio Generation Methodscited by 5
- 2024NT-ViT: Neural Transcoding Vision Transformers for EEG-to-fMRI Synthesiscited by 4
- 2022Generating Coherent Drum Accompaniment With Fills And Improvisationscited by 2
- 2024Whisper-GPT -- Continuous Discrete Hybrid Representation Language Models For Speech And Musiccited by 2
- 2021Attention is All You Need? Good Embeddings with Statistics are enough:Large Scale Audio Understanding without Transformers/ Convolutions/ BERTs/ Mixers/ Attention/ RNNs or ....cited by 1
- 2023Conformer LLMs -- Convolution Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2024Adaptive Large Language Models By Layerwise Attention Shortcutscited by 1
- 2024Wavelet GPT: Wavelet Inspired Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025Large Language Models Implicitly Learn to See and Hear Just By Readingcited by 1
- 2022Enhancing Audio Perception of Music By AI Picked Room Acousticscited by 0
6 more
- 2022One-Shot Acoustic Matching Of Audio Signals -- Learning to Hear Music In Any Room/ Concert Hallcited by 0
- 2023Content Adaptive Front End For Audio Classificationcited by 0
- 2023Neural Architectures Learning Fourier Transforms, Signal Processing and Much More....cited by 0
- 2023An Initial Exploration: Learning to Generate Realistic Audio for Silent Videocited by 0
- 2024Predicting Outcomes in Video Games with Long Short Term Memory Networkscited by 0
- 2025Thinking While Listening: Simple Test Time Scaling For Audio Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Thinking While Listening: Simple Test Time Scaling For Audio Classification24 Sep 2025
- 2025Large Language Models Implicitly Learn to See and Hear Just By Reading20 May 2025
- 2024Whisper-GPT -- Continuous Discrete Hybrid Representation Language Models For Speech And Music16 Dec 2024
- 2024NT-ViT: Neural Transcoding Vision Transformers for EEG-to-fMRI Synthesis18 Sep 2024
- 2024Adaptive Large Language Models By Layerwise Attention Shortcuts17 Sep 2024
- 2024Wavelet GPT: Wavelet Inspired Large Language Models4 Sep 2024
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Audio Generation Methods31 May 2024
- 2024Predicting Outcomes in Video Games with Long Short Term Memory Networks24 Feb 2024
- 2023An Initial Exploration: Learning to Generate Realistic Audio for Silent Video23 Aug 2023
- 2023Neural Architectures Learning Fourier Transforms, Signal Processing and Much More....20 Aug 2023
- 2023The Ethical Implications of Generative Audio Models: A Systematic Literature Review7 Jul 2023
- 2023Conformer LLMs -- Convolution Augmented Large Language Models2 Jul 2023
6 more
- 2023Content Adaptive Front End For Audio Classification18 Mar 2023
- 2022One-Shot Acoustic Matching Of Audio Signals -- Learning to Hear Music In Any Room/ Concert Hall27 Oct 2022
- 2022Generating Coherent Drum Accompaniment With Fills And Improvisations1 Sep 2022
- 2022Enhancing Audio Perception of Music By AI Picked Room Acoustics16 Aug 2022
- 2021MT3: Multi-Task Multitrack Music Transcription4 Nov 2021
- 2021Attention is All You Need? Good Embeddings with Statistics are enough:Large Scale Audio Understanding without Transformers/ Convolutions/ BERTs/ Mixers/ Attention/ RNNs or ....7 Oct 2021
- 2021MT3: Multi-Task Multitrack Music Transcriptioncited by 70
- 2023The Ethical Implications of Generative Audio Models: A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 18
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Audio Generation Methodscited by 5
- 2024NT-ViT: Neural Transcoding Vision Transformers for EEG-to-fMRI Synthesiscited by 4
- 2022Generating Coherent Drum Accompaniment With Fills And Improvisationscited by 2
- 2024Whisper-GPT -- Continuous Discrete Hybrid Representation Language Models For Speech And Musiccited by 2
- 2021Attention is All You Need? Good Embeddings with Statistics are enough:Large Scale Audio Understanding without Transformers/ Convolutions/ BERTs/ Mixers/ Attention/ RNNs or ....cited by 1
- 2023Conformer LLMs -- Convolution Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2024Adaptive Large Language Models By Layerwise Attention Shortcutscited by 1
- 2024Wavelet GPT: Wavelet Inspired Large Language Modelscited by 1
- 2025Large Language Models Implicitly Learn to See and Hear Just By Readingcited by 1
- 2022Enhancing Audio Perception of Music By AI Picked Room Acousticscited by 0
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2025Large Language Models Implicitly Learn to See and Hear Just By Reading20 May 2025
- 2024Whisper-GPT -- Continuous Discrete Hybrid Representation Language Models For Speech And Music16 Dec 2024
- 2024NT-ViT: Neural Transcoding Vision Transformers for EEG-to-fMRI Synthesis18 Sep 2024
- 2024Adaptive Large Language Models By Layerwise Attention Shortcuts17 Sep 2024
- 2024Wavelet GPT: Wavelet Inspired Large Language Models4 Sep 2024
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Audio Generation Methods31 May 2024
- 2024Predicting Outcomes in Video Games with Long Short Term Memory Networks24 Feb 2024
- 2023An Initial Exploration: Learning to Generate Realistic Audio for Silent Video23 Aug 2023
- 2023Neural Architectures Learning Fourier Transforms, Signal Processing and Much More....20 Aug 2023
- 2023The Ethical Implications of Generative Audio Models: A Systematic Literature Review7 Jul 2023
- 2023Conformer LLMs -- Convolution Augmented Large Language Models2 Jul 2023
- 2023Content Adaptive Front End For Audio Classification18 Mar 2023
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)