mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Deep Bayesian Unsupervised Lifelong Learning

arXiv 2106.07035 ↗First posted 13 Jun 2021cs.LG stat.MLcited by 21

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Abstract (arXiv)

Lifelong Learning (LL) refers to the ability to continually learn and solve new problems with incremental available information over time while retaining previous knowledge. Much attention has been given lately to Supervised Lifelong Learning (SLL) with a stream of labelled data. In contrast, we focus on resolving challenges in Unsupervised Lifelong Learning (ULL) with streaming unlabelled data when the data distribution and the unknown class labels evolve over time. Bayesian framework is natural to incorporate past knowledge and sequentially update the belief with new data. We develop a fully Bayesian inference framework for ULL with a novel end-to-end Deep Bayesian Unsupervised Lifelong Learning (DBULL) algorithm, which can progressively discover new clusters without forgetting the past with unlabelled data while learning latent representations. To efficiently maintain past knowledge, we develop a novel knowledge preservation mechanism via sufficient statistics of the latent representation for raw data. To detect the potential new clusters on the fly, we develop an automatic cluster discovery and redundancy removal strategy in our inference inspired by Nonparametric Bayesian statistics techniques. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using image and text corpora benchmark datasets in both LL and batch settings.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Jun 2021.

Builds on

17 of 54 references.

References · 17

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2016Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networkscited by 4,718
  3. 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
  4. 2018Continual Lifelong Learning with Neural Networks: A Reviewcited by 1,313
  5. 2017Continual Learning with Deep Generative Replaycited by 1,152
  6. 2020A Review of Uncertainty Quantification in Deep Learning: Techniques, Applications and Challengescited by 813
  7. 2015Unsupervised Deep Embedding for Clustering Analysiscited by 763
  8. 2014Semi-Supervised Learning with Deep Generative Modelscited by 494
  9. 2017Variational Continual Learningcited by 335
  10. 2016Variational Deep Embedding: An Unsupervised and Generative Approach to Clusteringcited by 219
  11. 2019Continual Unsupervised Representation Learningcited by 147
  12. 2016Composing graphical models with neural networks for structured representations and fast inferencecited by 113
5 more
  1. 2017Nonparametric Variational Auto-encoders for Hierarchical Representation Learningcited by 22
  2. 2017Incremental Learning in Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Using Partial Network Sharingcited by 22
  3. 2018Lifelong Learning for Sentiment Classificationcited by 21
  4. 2017Lifelong Learning CRF for Supervised Aspect Extractioncited by 9
  5. 2018Lifelong Domain Word Embedding via Meta-Learningcited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 4; 2024: 4; 2025: 5; 2026: 4.

21 papers.

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  1. 2021Learning to Prompt for Continual Learningcited by 938
  2. 2022DualPrompt: Complementary Prompting for Rehearsal-free Continual Learningcited by 635
  3. 2022CLIP model is an Efficient Continual Learnercited by 64
  4. 2022SparCL: Sparse Continual Learning on the Edgecited by 55
  5. 2023Introducing Language Guidance in Prompt-based Continual Learningcited by 49
  6. 2024Continual Learning in the Frequency Domaincited by 12
  7. 2025ProtoDepth: Unsupervised Continual Depth Completion with Prototypescited by 11
  8. 2024Variational Continual Test-Time Adaptationcited by 7
  9. 2024COBRA: A Continual Learning Approach to Vision-Brain Understandingcited by 4
  10. 2023Bayesian Transfer Learningcited by 3
  11. 2023Constructing Sample-to-Class Graph for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
  12. 2024LVP-CLIP:Revisiting CLIP for Continual Learning with Label Vector Poolcited by 1
9 more
  1. 2025CLIMB-3D: Continual Learning for Imbalanced 3D Instance Segmentationcited by 1
  2. 2025Efficient Continual Learning through Frequency Decomposition and Integrationcited by 1
  3. 2023Two-level Graph Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
  4. 2025BRAIN: Bias-Mitigation Continual Learning Approach to Vision-Brain Understandingcited by 0
  5. 2025Active Visual Perception: Opportunities and Challengescited by 0
  6. 2026Dynamical Adapter Fusion: Constructing A Global Adapter for Pre-Trained Model-based Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
  7. 2026Semantic-Guided Dynamic Sparsification for Pre-Trained Model-based Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
  8. 2026From Isolation to Integration: Building an Adaptive Expert Forest for Pre-Trained Model-based Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
  9. 2026Optical-Guided Neural Collapse for SAR Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 0