Sentence Embeddings using Supervised Contrastive Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Sentence embeddings encode sentences in fixed dense vectors and have played an important role in various NLP tasks and systems. Methods for building sentence embeddings include unsupervised learning such as Quick-Thoughts and supervised learning such as InferSent. With the success of pretrained NLP models, recent research shows that fine-tuning pretrained BERT on SNLI and Multi-NLI data creates state-of-the-art sentence embeddings, outperforming previous sentence embeddings methods on various evaluation benchmarks. In this paper, we propose a new method to build sentence embeddings by doing supervised contrastive learning. Specifically our method fine-tunes pretrained BERT on SNLI data, incorporating both supervised crossentropy loss and supervised contrastive loss. Compared with baseline where fine-tuning is only done with supervised cross-entropy loss similar to current state-of-the-art method SBERT, our supervised contrastive method improves 2.8% in average on Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) benchmarks and 1.05% in average on various sentence transfer tasks.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 31 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Jun 2021.
Builds on
13 of 31 references.
References · 13
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2013Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionalitycited by 3,462
- 2020Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 2,803
- 2017A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inferencecited by 2,665
- 2015A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inferencecited by 1,837
- 2017SemEval-2017 Task 1: Semantic Textual Similarity - Multilingual and Cross-lingual Focused Evaluationcited by 998
- 2017Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Datacited by 428
- 2015Skip-Thought Vectorscited by 321
- 2018SentEval: An Evaluation Toolkit for Universal Sentence Representationscited by 294
- 2020Supervised Contrastive Learning for Pre-trained Language Model Fine-tuningcited by 275
1 more
- 2018An efficient framework for learning sentence representationscited by 197
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 0; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
5 papers.
- 2022Text Transformations in Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning: A Reviewcited by 5
- 2021Emotions are Subtle: Learning Sentiment Based Text Representations Using Contrastive Learningcited by 1
- 2021Supervised Graph Contrastive Pretraining for Text Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Uncovering Latent Connections in Indigenous Heritage: Semantic Pipelines for Cultural Preservation in Brazilcited by 0
- 2026Aligning Implied Statements for Implicit Hate Speech Generalizability with Context-Bounded Semi-hard Negative Miningcited by 0
- 2026Aligning Implied Statements for Implicit Hate Speech Generalizability with Context-Bounded Semi-hard Negative Mining17 Jun 2026
- 2025Uncovering Latent Connections in Indigenous Heritage: Semantic Pipelines for Cultural Preservation in Brazil31 Jul 2025
- 2022Text Transformations in Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning: A Review22 Mar 2022
- 2021Supervised Graph Contrastive Pretraining for Text Classification21 Dec 2021
- 2021Emotions are Subtle: Learning Sentiment Based Text Representations Using Contrastive Learning2 Dec 2021