RED : Looking for Redundancies for Data-Free Structured Compression of Deep Neural Networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are ubiquitous in today's computer vision land-scape, despite involving considerable computational costs. The mainstream approaches for runtime acceleration consist in pruning connections (unstructured pruning) or, better, filters (structured pruning), both often requiring data to re-train the model. In this paper, we present RED, a data-free structured, unified approach to tackle structured pruning. First, we propose a novel adaptive hashing of the scalar DNN weight distribution densities to increase the number of identical neurons represented by their weight vectors. Second, we prune the network by merging redundant neurons based on their relative similarities, as defined by their distance. Third, we propose a novel uneven depthwise separation technique to further prune convolutional layers. We demonstrate through a large variety of benchmarks that RED largely outperforms other data-free pruning methods, often reaching performance similar to unconstrained, data-driven methods.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 May 2021.
Builds on
36 of 44 references.
References · 36
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,277
- 2018MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottleneckscited by 4,795
- 2015Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classificationcited by 3,611
- 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,241
- 2016Wide Residual Networkscited by 3,070
- 2018The Lottery Ticket Hypothesis: Finding Sparse, Trainable Neural Networkscited by 2,262
- 2019Searching for MobileNetV3cited by 1,994
- 2016Pruning Filters for Efficient ConvNetscited by 1,143
- 2018Rethinking the Value of Network Pruningcited by 599
- 2019Rigging the Lottery: Making All Tickets Winnerscited by 495
- 2020Pruning neural networks without any data by iteratively conserving synaptic flowcited by 479
24 more
- 2019The State of Sparsity in Deep Neural Networkscited by 476
- 2018HAQ: Hardware-Aware Automated Quantization with Mixed Precisioncited by 443
- 2017ThiNet: A Filter Level Pruning Method for Deep Neural Network Compressioncited by 442
- 2019Dreaming to Distill: Data-free Knowledge Transfer via DeepInversioncited by 423
- 2019Data-Free Quantization Through Weight Equalization and Bias Correctioncited by 336
- 2018Soft Filter Pruning for Accelerating Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 315
- 2017A Survey of Model Compression and Acceleration for Deep Neural Networkscited by 301
- 2016EIE: Efficient Inference Engine on Compressed Deep Neural Networkcited by 295
- 2020HRank: Filter Pruning using High-Rank Feature Mapcited by 292
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- 2017Data-Driven Sparse Structure Selection for Deep Neural Networkscited by 181
- 2019Improving Neural Network Quantization without Retraining using Outlier Channel Splittingcited by 151
- 2019Towards Optimal Structured CNN Pruning via Generative Adversarial Learningcited by 146
- 2020Dynamic Model Pruning with Feedbackcited by 125
- 2015Data-free parameter pruning for Deep Neural Networkscited by 112
- 2019Provable Filter Pruning for Efficient Neural Networkscited by 98
- 2019A Signal Propagation Perspective for Pruning Neural Networks at Initializationcited by 96
- 2020SCOP: Scientific Control for Reliable Neural Network Pruningcited by 93
- 2019And the Bit Goes Down: Revisiting the Quantization of Neural Networkscited by 78
- 2020Lookahead: A Far-Sighted Alternative of Magnitude-based Pruningcited by 61
- 2020Pruning Filter in Filtercited by 47
- 2019Same, Same But Different - Recovering Neural Network Quantization Error Through Weight Factorizationcited by 45
- 2020Neuron Merging: Compensating for Pruned Neuronscited by 24
- 2017An Equivalence of Fully Connected Layer and Convolutional Layercited by 14
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 4; 2023: 7; 2024: 4; 2025: 3.
19 papers.
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- 2022A Fast Post-Training Pruning Framework for Transformerscited by 162
- 2023Structured Pruning for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: A surveycited by 122
- 2024Attention-Driven Training-Free Efficiency Enhancement of Diffusion Modelscited by 38
- 2021RED++ : Data-Free Pruning of Deep Neural Networks via Input Splitting and Output Mergingcited by 19
- 2023Accurate Retraining-free Pruning for Pretrained Encoder-based Language Modelscited by 11
- 2022SInGE: Sparsity via Integrated Gradients Estimation of Neuron Relevancecited by 9
- 2022REx: Data-Free Residual Quantization Error Expansioncited by 6
- 2024Efficient Deep Learning Infrastructures for Embedded Computing Systems: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Envisioncited by 5
- 2022To Fold or Not to Fold: a Necessary and Sufficient Condition on Batch-Normalization Layers Foldingcited by 4
- 2023Approximate Computing Survey, Part II: Application-Specific & Architectural Approximation Techniques and Applicationscited by 3
- 2025Collaborative Compression for Large-Scale MoE Deployment on Edgecited by 3
- 2023Structured Bayesian Compression for Deep Neural Networks Based on The Turbo-VBI Approachcited by 2
7 more
- 2025Is Compression Really Linear with Code Intelligence?cited by 2
- 2023SAfER: Layer-Level Sensitivity Assessment for Efficient and Robust Neural Network Inferencecited by 1
- 2023Network Memory Footprint Compression Through Jointly Learnable Codebooks and Mappingscited by 1
- 2023DietCNN: Multiplication-free Inference for Quantized CNNscited by 0
- 2024LR-CNN: Lightweight Row-centric Convolutional Neural Network Training for Memory Reductioncited by 0
- 2024A Comprehensive Study of Structural Pruning for Vision Modelscited by 0
- 2025IPPRO: Importance-based Pruning with PRojective Offset for Magnitude-indifferent Structural Pruningcited by 0
- 2025Collaborative Compression for Large-Scale MoE Deployment on Edge30 Sep 2025
- 2025IPPRO: Importance-based Pruning with PRojective Offset for Magnitude-indifferent Structural Pruning10 Jul 2025
- 2025Is Compression Really Linear with Code Intelligence?16 May 2025
- 2024Efficient Deep Learning Infrastructures for Embedded Computing Systems: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Envision3 Nov 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Study of Structural Pruning for Vision Models18 Jun 2024
- 2024Attention-Driven Training-Free Efficiency Enhancement of Diffusion Models8 May 2024
- 2024LR-CNN: Lightweight Row-centric Convolutional Neural Network Training for Memory Reduction21 Jan 2024
- 2023Network Memory Footprint Compression Through Jointly Learnable Codebooks and Mappings29 Sep 2023
- 2023SAfER: Layer-Level Sensitivity Assessment for Efficient and Robust Neural Network Inference9 Aug 2023
- 2023Accurate Retraining-free Pruning for Pretrained Encoder-based Language Models7 Aug 2023
- 2023Approximate Computing Survey, Part II: Application-Specific & Architectural Approximation Techniques and Applications20 Jul 2023
- 2023DietCNN: Multiplication-free Inference for Quantized CNNs9 May 2023
7 more
- 2023Structured Pruning for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: A survey1 Mar 2023
- 2023Structured Bayesian Compression for Deep Neural Networks Based on The Turbo-VBI Approach21 Feb 2023
- 2022SInGE: Sparsity via Integrated Gradients Estimation of Neuron Relevance8 Jul 2022
- 2022A Fast Post-Training Pruning Framework for Transformers29 Mar 2022
- 2022To Fold or Not to Fold: a Necessary and Sufficient Condition on Batch-Normalization Layers Folding28 Mar 2022
- 2022REx: Data-Free Residual Quantization Error Expansion28 Mar 2022
- 2021RED++ : Data-Free Pruning of Deep Neural Networks via Input Splitting and Output Merging30 Sep 2021
- 2022A Fast Post-Training Pruning Framework for Transformerscited by 162
- 2023Structured Pruning for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: A surveycited by 122
- 2021RED++ : Data-Free Pruning of Deep Neural Networks via Input Splitting and Output Mergingcited by 19
- 2023Accurate Retraining-free Pruning for Pretrained Encoder-based Language Modelscited by 11
- 2022SInGE: Sparsity via Integrated Gradients Estimation of Neuron Relevancecited by 9
- 2022REx: Data-Free Residual Quantization Error Expansioncited by 6
- 2024Efficient Deep Learning Infrastructures for Embedded Computing Systems: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Envisioncited by 5
- 2022To Fold or Not to Fold: a Necessary and Sufficient Condition on Batch-Normalization Layers Foldingcited by 4
- 2023Approximate Computing Survey, Part II: Application-Specific & Architectural Approximation Techniques and Applicationscited by 3
- 2023Structured Bayesian Compression for Deep Neural Networks Based on The Turbo-VBI Approachcited by 2
- 2025Is Compression Really Linear with Code Intelligence?cited by 2
- 2023SAfER: Layer-Level Sensitivity Assessment for Efficient and Robust Neural Network Inferencecited by 1
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2025IPPRO: Importance-based Pruning with PRojective Offset for Magnitude-indifferent Structural Pruning10 Jul 2025
- 2025Is Compression Really Linear with Code Intelligence?16 May 2025
- 2024Efficient Deep Learning Infrastructures for Embedded Computing Systems: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Envision3 Nov 2024
- 2024A Comprehensive Study of Structural Pruning for Vision Models18 Jun 2024
- 2024LR-CNN: Lightweight Row-centric Convolutional Neural Network Training for Memory Reduction21 Jan 2024
- 2023Network Memory Footprint Compression Through Jointly Learnable Codebooks and Mappings29 Sep 2023
- 2023SAfER: Layer-Level Sensitivity Assessment for Efficient and Robust Neural Network Inference9 Aug 2023
- 2023Accurate Retraining-free Pruning for Pretrained Encoder-based Language Models7 Aug 2023
- 2023Approximate Computing Survey, Part II: Application-Specific & Architectural Approximation Techniques and Applications20 Jul 2023
- 2023DietCNN: Multiplication-free Inference for Quantized CNNs9 May 2023
- 2023Structured Pruning for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: A survey1 Mar 2023
- 2023Structured Bayesian Compression for Deep Neural Networks Based on The Turbo-VBI Approach21 Feb 2023
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)