TEMPEST -- Synthesis Tool for Reactive Systems and Shields in Probabilistic Environments
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present Tempest, a synthesis tool to automatically create correct-by-construction reactive systems and shields from qualitative or quantitative specifications in probabilistic environments. A shield is a special type of reactive system used for run-time enforcement; i.e., a shield enforces a given qualitative or quantitative specification of a running system while interfering with its operation as little as possible. Shields that enforce a qualitative or quantitative specification are called safety-shields or optimal-shields, respectively. Safety-shields can be implemented as pre-shields or as post-shields, optimal-shields are implemented as post-shields. Pre-shields are placed before the system and restrict the choices of the system. Post-shields are implemented after the system and are able to overwrite the system's output. Tempest is based on the probabilistic model checker Storm, adding model checking algorithms for stochastic games with safety and mean-payoff objectives. To the best of our knowledge, Tempest is the only synthesis tool able to solve 2-1/2-player games with mean-payoff objectives without restrictions on the state space. Furthermore, Tempest adds the functionality to synthesize safe and optimal strategies that implement reactive systems and shields
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 May 2021.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 2; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
13 papers.
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- 2022Online Shielding for Reinforcement Learningcited by 22
- 2024Verification-Guided Shielding for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 13
- 2024Shield Synthesis for LTL Modulo Theoriescited by 12
- 2022Automata Learning meets Shieldingcited by 9
- 2024Playing Games with your PET: Extending the Partial Exploration Tool to Stochastic Gamescited by 4
- 2025Conformal Safety Shielding for Imperfect-Perception Agentscited by 3
- 2023Analyzing Intentional Behavior in Autonomous Agents under Uncertaintycited by 2
- 2024Test Where Decisions Matter: Importance-driven Testing for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 2
- 2023Multi-Agent Verification and Control with Probabilistic Model Checkingcited by 1
- 2025Uppaal Coshy: Automatic Synthesis of Compact Shields for Hybrid Systemscited by 1
- 2026Easy-to-Use Shielding for Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2025Efficient Dynamic Shielding for Parametric Safety Specificationscited by 0
1 more
- 2026Explainably Safe Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026Explainably Safe Reinforcement Learning3 Jun 2026
- 2026Easy-to-Use Shielding for Reinforcement Learning2 Jun 2026
- 2025Uppaal Coshy: Automatic Synthesis of Compact Shields for Hybrid Systems22 Aug 2025
- 2025Conformal Safety Shielding for Imperfect-Perception Agents12 Jun 2025
- 2025Efficient Dynamic Shielding for Parametric Safety Specifications28 May 2025
- 2024Test Where Decisions Matter: Importance-driven Testing for Deep Reinforcement Learning12 Nov 2024
- 2024Verification-Guided Shielding for Deep Reinforcement Learning10 Jun 2024
- 2024Shield Synthesis for LTL Modulo Theories6 Jun 2024
- 2024Playing Games with your PET: Extending the Partial Exploration Tool to Stochastic Games6 May 2024
- 2023Multi-Agent Verification and Control with Probabilistic Model Checking5 Aug 2023
- 2023Analyzing Intentional Behavior in Autonomous Agents under Uncertainty4 Jul 2023
- 2022Online Shielding for Reinforcement Learning4 Dec 2022
1 more
- 2022Automata Learning meets Shielding4 Dec 2022
- 2022Online Shielding for Reinforcement Learningcited by 22
- 2024Shield Synthesis for LTL Modulo Theoriescited by 12
- 2022Automata Learning meets Shieldingcited by 9
- 2024Playing Games with your PET: Extending the Partial Exploration Tool to Stochastic Gamescited by 4
- 2025Conformal Safety Shielding for Imperfect-Perception Agentscited by 3
- 2023Analyzing Intentional Behavior in Autonomous Agents under Uncertaintycited by 2
- 2023Multi-Agent Verification and Control with Probabilistic Model Checkingcited by 1
- 2025Uppaal Coshy: Automatic Synthesis of Compact Shields for Hybrid Systemscited by 1
- 2025Efficient Dynamic Shielding for Parametric Safety Specificationscited by 0
- 2025Uppaal Coshy: Automatic Synthesis of Compact Shields for Hybrid Systems22 Aug 2025
- 2025Conformal Safety Shielding for Imperfect-Perception Agents12 Jun 2025
- 2025Efficient Dynamic Shielding for Parametric Safety Specifications28 May 2025
- 2024Shield Synthesis for LTL Modulo Theories6 Jun 2024
- 2024Playing Games with your PET: Extending the Partial Exploration Tool to Stochastic Games6 May 2024
- 2023Multi-Agent Verification and Control with Probabilistic Model Checking5 Aug 2023
- 2023Analyzing Intentional Behavior in Autonomous Agents under Uncertainty4 Jul 2023
- 2022Online Shielding for Reinforcement Learning4 Dec 2022
- 2022Automata Learning meets Shielding4 Dec 2022