Continual Learning with Echo State Networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Continual Learning (CL) refers to a learning setup where data is non stationary and the model has to learn without forgetting existing knowledge. The study of CL for sequential patterns revolves around trained recurrent networks. In this work, instead, we introduce CL in the context of Echo State Networks (ESNs), where the recurrent component is kept fixed. We provide the first evaluation of catastrophic forgetting in ESNs and we highlight the benefits in using CL strategies which are not applicable to trained recurrent models. Our results confirm the ESN as a promising model for CL and open to its use in streaming scenarios.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 14 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 May 2021.
Builds on
8 of 14 references.
References · 8
- 2016Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networkscited by 4,718
- 2016Learning without Forgettingcited by 2,465
- 2021Avalanche: an End-to-End Library for Continual Learningcited by 124
- 2019Continual Learning for Robotics: Definition, Framework, Learning Strategies, Opportunities and Challengescited by 92
- 2019Lifelong Machine Learning with Deep Streaming Linear Discriminant Analysiscited by 91
- 2021Continual Learning for Recurrent Neural Networks: an Empirical Evaluationcited by 34
- 2019Spiking Neural Predictive Coding for Continual Learning from Data Streamscited by 17
- 2020Continual Learning with Gated Incremental Memories for sequential data processingcited by 12
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 2; 2024: 0; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
8 papers.
- 2023Spiking Neural Networks and Bio-Inspired Supervised Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 8
- 2022Continual Learning of Dynamical Systems with Competitive Federated Reservoir Computingcited by 6
- 2021TEACHING -- Trustworthy autonomous cyber-physical applications through human-centred intelligencecited by 4
- 2022Continual Learning for Human State Monitoringcited by 2
- 2023A Protocol for Continual Explanation of SHAPcited by 2
- 2025From Neurons to Computation: Biological Reservoir Computing for Pattern Recognitioncited by 2
- 2025From Neural Activity to Computation: Biological Reservoirs for Pattern Recognition in Digit Classificationcited by 1
- 2026Neuro-Inspired Visual Pattern Recognition via Biological Reservoir Computingcited by 1
- 2026Neuro-Inspired Visual Pattern Recognition via Biological Reservoir Computing5 Feb 2026
- 2025From Neural Activity to Computation: Biological Reservoirs for Pattern Recognition in Digit Classification7 Oct 2025
- 2025From Neurons to Computation: Biological Reservoir Computing for Pattern Recognition6 May 2025
- 2023Spiking Neural Networks and Bio-Inspired Supervised Deep Learning: A Survey30 Jul 2023
- 2023A Protocol for Continual Explanation of SHAP12 Jun 2023
- 2022Continual Learning for Human State Monitoring29 Jun 2022
- 2022Continual Learning of Dynamical Systems with Competitive Federated Reservoir Computing27 Jun 2022
- 2021TEACHING -- Trustworthy autonomous cyber-physical applications through human-centred intelligence14 Jul 2021