Streaming Transformer for Hardware Efficient Voice Trigger Detection and False Trigger Mitigation
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a unified and hardware efficient architecture for two stage voice trigger detection (VTD) and false trigger mitigation (FTM) tasks. Two stage VTD systems of voice assistants can get falsely activated to audio segments acoustically similar to the trigger phrase of interest. FTM systems cancel such activations by using post trigger audio context. Traditional FTM systems rely on automatic speech recognition lattices which are computationally expensive to obtain on device. We propose a streaming transformer (TF) encoder architecture, which progressively processes incoming audio chunks and maintains audio context to perform both VTD and FTM tasks using only acoustic features. The proposed joint model yields an average 18% relative reduction in false reject rate (FRR) for the VTD task at a given false alarm rate. Moreover, our model suppresses 95% of the false triggers with an additional one second of post-trigger audio. Finally, on-device measurements show 32% reduction in runtime memory and 56% reduction in inference time compared to non-streaming version of the model.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 May 2021.
Builds on
19 of 28 references.
References · 19
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2019Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Contextcited by 1,850
- 2020Transformer Transducer: A Streamable Speech Recognition Model with Transformer Encoders and RNN-T Losscited by 235
- 2019Transformer ASR with Contextual Block Processingcited by 28
- 2018Device-directed Utterance Detectioncited by 19
- 2017A Cascade Architecture for Keyword Spotting on Mobile Devicescited by 15
- 2019Exploring attention mechanism for acoustic-based classification of speech utterances into system-directed and non-system-directedcited by 10
- 2021Wake Word Detection with Streaming Transformerscited by 10
- 2020Optimize what matters: Training DNN-HMM Keyword Spotting Model Using End Metriccited by 9
- 2020Unacceptable, where is my privacy? Exploring Accidental Triggers of Smart Speakerscited by 8
- 2020Hybrid Transformer/CTC Networks for Hardware Efficient Voice Triggeringcited by 8
- 2020Lattice-based Improvements for Voice Triggering Using Graph Neural Networkscited by 7
7 more
- 2020Voice trigger detection from LVCSR hypothesis lattices using bidirectional lattice recurrent neural networkscited by 7
- 2020Improving Device Directedness Classification of Utterances with Semantic Lexical Featurescited by 6
- 2020Progressive Voice Trigger Detection: Accuracy vs Latencycited by 6
- 2020Multi-task Learning for Voice Trigger Detectioncited by 5
- 2020Knowledge Transfer for Efficient On-device False Trigger Mitigationcited by 5
- 2020Complementary Language Model and Parallel Bi-LRNN for False Trigger Mitigationcited by 4
- 2020Streaming ResLSTM with Causal Mean Aggregation for Device-Directed Utterance Detectioncited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 1; 2023: 3; 2024: 0; 2025: 1.
8 papers.
- 2021Deep Spoken Keyword Spotting: An Overviewcited by 43
- 2025SELMA: A Speech-Enabled Language Model for Virtual Assistant Interactionscited by 7
- 2022Device-Directed Speech Detection: Regularization via Distillation for Weakly-Supervised Modelscited by 5
- 2021Audiomer: A Convolutional Transformer For Keyword Spottingcited by 4
- 2021Streaming on-device detection of device directed speech from voice and touch-based invocationcited by 4
- 2023Modality Dropout for Multimodal Device Directed Speech Detection using Verbal and Non-Verbal Featurescited by 4
- 2023To Wake-up or Not to Wake-up: Reducing Keyword False Alarm by Successive Refinementcited by 2
- 2023Streaming Anchor Loss: Augmenting Supervision with Temporal Significancecited by 1
- 2025SELMA: A Speech-Enabled Language Model for Virtual Assistant Interactions31 Jan 2025
- 2023Modality Dropout for Multimodal Device Directed Speech Detection using Verbal and Non-Verbal Features23 Oct 2023
- 2023Streaming Anchor Loss: Augmenting Supervision with Temporal Significance9 Oct 2023
- 2023To Wake-up or Not to Wake-up: Reducing Keyword False Alarm by Successive Refinement6 Apr 2023
- 2022Device-Directed Speech Detection: Regularization via Distillation for Weakly-Supervised Models30 Mar 2022
- 2021Deep Spoken Keyword Spotting: An Overview20 Nov 2021
- 2021Streaming on-device detection of device directed speech from voice and touch-based invocation9 Oct 2021
- 2021Audiomer: A Convolutional Transformer For Keyword Spotting21 Sep 2021