mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

MelBERT: Metaphor Detection via Contextualized Late Interaction using Metaphorical Identification Theories

arXiv 2104.13615 ↗First posted 28 Apr 2021cs.CL cs.LGcited by 46

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Abstract (arXiv)

Automated metaphor detection is a challenging task to identify metaphorical expressions of words in a sentence. To tackle this problem, we adopt pre-trained contextualized models, e.g., BERT and RoBERTa. To this end, we propose a novel metaphor detection model, namely metaphor-aware late interaction over BERT (MelBERT). Our model not only leverages contextualized word representation but also benefits from linguistic metaphor identification theories to distinguish between the contextual and literal meaning of words. Our empirical results demonstrate that MelBERT outperforms several strong baselines on four benchmark datasets, i.e., VUA-18, VUA-20, MOH-X, and TroFi.

Key facts. Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Apr 2021.

Builds on

11 of 45 references.

References · 11

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2019RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approachcited by 13,266
  4. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  5. 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,854
  6. 2013Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionalitycited by 3,462
  7. 2018Deep contextualized word representationscited by 2,285
  8. 2020ColBERT: Efficient and Effective Passage Search via Contextualized Late Interaction over BERTcited by 1,160
  9. 2019Document Expansion by Query Predictioncited by 225
  10. 2018Neural Metaphor Detection in Contextcited by 34
  11. 2017Grasping the Finer Point: A Supervised Similarity Network for Metaphor Detectioncited by 7

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 7; 2023: 11; 2024: 13; 2025: 6; 2026: 7.

46 papers.

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  1. 2023MemeCap: A Dataset for Captioning and Interpreting Memescited by 46
  2. 2021MathBERT: A Pre-trained Language Model for General NLP Tasks in Mathematics Educationcited by 37
  3. 2022Metaphors in Pre-Trained Language Models: Probing and Generalization Across Datasets and Languagescited by 30
  4. 2024Metaphor Understanding Challenge Dataset for LLMscited by 30
  5. 2022MetaCLUE: Towards Comprehensive Visual Metaphors Researchcited by 28
  6. 2022Hierarchical Attention Network for Explainable Depression Detection on Twitter Aided by Metaphor Concept Mappingscited by 23
  7. 2023FrameBERT: Conceptual Metaphor Detection with Frame Embedding Learningcited by 18
  8. 2023Metaphor Detection with Effective Context Denoisingcited by 13
  9. 2023Metaphor Detection via Explicit Basic Meanings Modellingcited by 12
  10. 2023A Match Made in Heaven: A Multi-task Framework for Hyperbole and Metaphor Detectioncited by 10
  11. 2025Cultural Bias Matters: A Cross-Cultural Benchmark Dataset and Sentiment-Enriched Model for Understanding Multimodal Metaphorscited by 10
  12. 2022MiQA: A Benchmark for Inference on Metaphorical Questionscited by 9
34 more
  1. 2023Adversarial Multi-task Learning for End-to-end Metaphor Detectioncited by 7
  2. 2024Unveiling the Invisible: Captioning Videos with Metaphorscited by 7
  3. 2022Metaphorical Polysemy Detection: Conventional Metaphor meets Word Sense Disambiguationcited by 6
  4. 2022Leveraging a New Spanish Corpus for Multilingual and Crosslingual Metaphor Detectioncited by 5
  5. 2024Survey in Characterizing Semantic Changecited by 5
  6. 2024Meta4XNLI: A Crosslingual Parallel Corpus for Metaphor Detection and Interpretationcited by 5
  7. 2025Probing Semantic Alignment, Lexical Invariance, and Syntactic Influence in LLM Metaphor Processingcited by 5
  8. 2024Semantic Change Characterization with LLMs using Rhetoricscited by 4
  9. 2025When People are Floods: Analyzing Dehumanizing Metaphors in Immigration Discourse with Large Language Modelscited by 4
  10. 2023Multilingual Multi-Figurative Language Detectioncited by 3
  11. 2024Finding Challenging Metaphors that Confuse Pretrained Language Modelscited by 3
  12. 2025Towards Multimodal Metaphor Understanding: A Chinese Dataset and Model for Metaphor Mapping Identificationcited by 3
  13. 2023ContrastWSD: Enhancing Metaphor Detection with Word Sense Disambiguation Following the Metaphor Identification Procedurecited by 2
  14. 2023An Expectation-Realization Model for Metaphor Detectioncited by 2
  15. 2024A Dual-Perspective Metaphor Detection Framework Using Large Language Modelscited by 2
  16. 2026Interpretable Chinese Metaphor Identification via LLM-Assisted MIPVU Rule Script Generation: A Comparative Protocol Studycited by 2
  17. 2026Not all ANIMALs are equal: metaphorical framing through source domains and semantic framescited by 2
  18. 2023OYXOY: A Modern NLP Test Suite for Modern Greekcited by 1
  19. 2024Verifying Claims About Metaphors with Large-Scale Automatic Metaphor Identificationcited by 1
  20. 2024NYK-MS: A Well-annotated Multi-modal Metaphor and Sarcasm Understanding Benchmark on Cartoon-Caption Datasetcited by 1
  21. 2024Curriculum-style Data Augmentation for LLM-based Metaphor Detectioncited by 1
  22. 2025Exploring Task Performance with Interpretable Models via Sparse Auto-Encoderscited by 1
  23. 2021Classifying Math KCs via Task-Adaptive Pre-Trained BERTcited by 0
  24. 2022HYU at SemEval-2022 Task 2: Effective Idiomaticity Detection with Consideration at Different Levels of Contextualizationcited by 0
  25. 2023Deep Learning-Based Knowledge Injection for Metaphor Detection: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 0
  26. 2024A Dataset for Metaphor Detection in Early Medieval Hebrew Poetrycited by 0
  27. 2024Enhancing Metaphor Detection through Soft Labels and Target Word Predictioncited by 0
  28. 2024Figuratively Speaking: Authorship Attribution via Multi-Task Figurative Language Modelingcited by 0
  29. 2025The Medical Metaphors Corpus (MCC)cited by 0
  30. 2026Learning the Cue or Learning the Word? Analyzing Generalization in Metaphor Detection for Verbscited by 0
  31. 2026A Reproducible Multi-Architecture Baseline for Token-Level Chinese Metaphor Identification under the MIPVU Frameworkcited by 0
  32. 2026Post-Hoc Understanding of Metaphor Processing in Decoder-Only Language Models via Conditional Scale Entropycited by 0
  33. 2026CAMMAR: Culture-Aware Matryoshka for Metaphorical Arabic Representationscited by 0
  34. 2026Cross-Dataset Stability of Expert-Informed Skill Prompting and Fine-Tuning for Chinese Metaphor Identificationcited by 0