Multimodal Self-Supervised Learning of General Audio Representations
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a multimodal framework to learn general audio representations from videos. Existing contrastive audio representation learning methods mainly focus on using the audio modality alone during training. In this work, we show that additional information contained in video can be utilized to greatly improve the learned features. First, we demonstrate that our contrastive framework does not require high resolution images to learn good audio features. This allows us to scale up the training batch size, while keeping the computational load incurred by the additional video modality to a reasonable level. Second, we use augmentations that mix together different samples. We show that this is effective to make the proxy task harder, which leads to substantial performance improvements when increasing the batch size. As a result, our audio model achieves a state-of-the-art of 42.4 mAP on the AudioSet classification downstream task, closing the gap between supervised and self-supervised methods trained on the same dataset. Moreover, we show that our method is advantageous on a broad range of non-semantic audio tasks, including speaker identification, keyword spotting, language identification, and music instrument classification.
Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Apr 2021.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 13; 2023: 3; 2024: 6; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
31 papers.
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- 2021AudioCLIP: Extending CLIP to Image, Text and Audiocited by 335
- 2022MERLOT Reserve: Neural Script Knowledge through Vision and Language and Soundcited by 184
- 2022Contrastive Audio-Visual Masked Autoencodercited by 142
- 2022HEAR: Holistic Evaluation of Audio Representationscited by 77
- 2021Performance-Efficiency Trade-offs in Unsupervised Pre-training for Speech Recognitioncited by 68
- 2022MAViL: Masked Audio-Video Learnerscited by 56
- 2021Optimal Representations for Covariate Shiftcited by 51
- 2022Audiovisual Masked Autoencoderscited by 47
- 2023Decoupling Common and Unique Representations for Multimodal Self-supervised Learningcited by 36
- 2022Supervised and Unsupervised Learning of Audio Representations for Music Understandingcited by 34
- 2022Beyond Just Vision: A Review on Self-Supervised Representation Learning on Multimodal and Temporal Datacited by 27
- 2021Conformer-Based Self-Supervised Learning for Non-Speech Audio Taskscited by 22
19 more
- 2022COCOA: Cross Modality Contrastive Learning for Sensor Datacited by 21
- 2021Connecting the Dots between Audio and Text without Parallel Data through Visual Knowledge Transfercited by 17
- 2025CAV-MAE Sync: Improving Contrastive Audio-Visual Mask Autoencoders via Fine-Grained Alignmentcited by 14
- 2021Multi-Modal Pre-Training for Automated Speech Recognitioncited by 10
- 2024EquiAV: Leveraging Equivariance for Audio-Visual Contrastive Learningcited by 10
- 2024FunnyNet-W: Multimodal Learning of Funny Moments in Videos in the Wildcited by 9
- 2022SampleMatch: Drum Sample Retrieval by Musical Contextcited by 8
- 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognitioncited by 6
- 2022Distribution Aware Metrics for Conditional Natural Language Generationcited by 6
- 2024Multimodal Emotion Recognition using Audio-Video Transformer Fusion with Cross Attentioncited by 4
- 2022Learning Joint Representation of Human Motion and Languagecited by 3
- 2023Looking Similar, Sounding Different: Leveraging Counterfactual Cross-Modal Pairs for Audiovisual Representation Learningcited by 3
- 2024A Survey of Recent Advances and Challenges in Deep Audio-Visual Correlation Learningcited by 2
- 2023Towards Contrastive Learning in Music Video Domaincited by 1
- 2024Multi-Stage Multi-Modal Pre-Training for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 1
- 2024DETECLAP: Enhancing Audio-Visual Representation Learning with Object Informationcited by 1
- 2022Recent Advances and Challenges in Deep Audio-Visual Correlation Learningcited by 0
- 2025Learning Without Augmenting: Unsupervised Time Series Representation Learning via Frame Projectionscited by 0
- 2026CalibFree: Self-Supervised View Feature Separation for Calibration-Free Multi-Camera Multi-Object Trackingcited by 0
- 2026CalibFree: Self-Supervised View Feature Separation for Calibration-Free Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking10 May 2026
- 2025Learning Without Augmenting: Unsupervised Time Series Representation Learning via Frame Projections26 Oct 2025
- 2025CAV-MAE Sync: Improving Contrastive Audio-Visual Mask Autoencoders via Fine-Grained Alignment2 May 2025
- 2024A Survey of Recent Advances and Challenges in Deep Audio-Visual Correlation Learning24 Nov 2024
- 2024DETECLAP: Enhancing Audio-Visual Representation Learning with Object Information18 Sep 2024
- 2024Multimodal Emotion Recognition using Audio-Video Transformer Fusion with Cross Attention26 Jul 2024
- 2024Multi-Stage Multi-Modal Pre-Training for Automatic Speech Recognition28 Mar 2024
- 2024EquiAV: Leveraging Equivariance for Audio-Visual Contrastive Learning14 Mar 2024
- 2024FunnyNet-W: Multimodal Learning of Funny Moments in Videos in the Wild8 Jan 2024
- 2023Decoupling Common and Unique Representations for Multimodal Self-supervised Learning11 Sep 2023
- 2023Towards Contrastive Learning in Music Video Domain1 Sep 2023
- 2023Looking Similar, Sounding Different: Leveraging Counterfactual Cross-Modal Pairs for Audiovisual Representation Learning12 Apr 2023
19 more
- 2022MAViL: Masked Audio-Video Learners15 Dec 2022
- 2022Audiovisual Masked Autoencoders9 Dec 2022
- 2022Learning Joint Representation of Human Motion and Language27 Oct 2022
- 2022Supervised and Unsupervised Learning of Audio Representations for Music Understanding7 Oct 2022
- 2022Contrastive Audio-Visual Masked Autoencoder2 Oct 2022
- 2022Distribution Aware Metrics for Conditional Natural Language Generation15 Sep 2022
- 2022SampleMatch: Drum Sample Retrieval by Musical Context1 Aug 2022
- 2022COCOA: Cross Modality Contrastive Learning for Sensor Data31 Jul 2022
- 2022Beyond Just Vision: A Review on Self-Supervised Representation Learning on Multimodal and Temporal Data6 Jun 2022
- 2022HEAR: Holistic Evaluation of Audio Representations6 Mar 2022
- 2022Recent Advances and Challenges in Deep Audio-Visual Correlation Learning28 Feb 2022
- 2022Auxiliary Cross-Modal Representation Learning with Triplet Loss Functions for Online Handwriting Recognition16 Feb 2022
- 2022MERLOT Reserve: Neural Script Knowledge through Vision and Language and Sound7 Jan 2022
- 2021Optimal Representations for Covariate Shift31 Dec 2021
- 2021Connecting the Dots between Audio and Text without Parallel Data through Visual Knowledge Transfer16 Dec 2021
- 2021Conformer-Based Self-Supervised Learning for Non-Speech Audio Tasks14 Oct 2021
- 2021Multi-Modal Pre-Training for Automated Speech Recognition12 Oct 2021
- 2021Performance-Efficiency Trade-offs in Unsupervised Pre-training for Speech Recognition14 Sep 2021
- 2021AudioCLIP: Extending CLIP to Image, Text and Audio24 Jun 2021
- 2021AudioCLIP: Extending CLIP to Image, Text and Audiocited by 335
- 2022MERLOT Reserve: Neural Script Knowledge through Vision and Language and Soundcited by 184
- 2022Contrastive Audio-Visual Masked Autoencodercited by 142
- 2022HEAR: Holistic Evaluation of Audio Representationscited by 77
- 2021Performance-Efficiency Trade-offs in Unsupervised Pre-training for Speech Recognitioncited by 68
- 2022MAViL: Masked Audio-Video Learnerscited by 56
- 2021Optimal Representations for Covariate Shiftcited by 51
- 2022Audiovisual Masked Autoencoderscited by 47
- 2023Decoupling Common and Unique Representations for Multimodal Self-supervised Learningcited by 36
- 2022Supervised and Unsupervised Learning of Audio Representations for Music Understandingcited by 34
- 2022Beyond Just Vision: A Review on Self-Supervised Representation Learning on Multimodal and Temporal Datacited by 27
- 2021Conformer-Based Self-Supervised Learning for Non-Speech Audio Taskscited by 22
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026CalibFree: Self-Supervised View Feature Separation for Calibration-Free Multi-Camera Multi-Object Tracking10 May 2026
- 2025Learning Without Augmenting: Unsupervised Time Series Representation Learning via Frame Projections26 Oct 2025
- 2025CAV-MAE Sync: Improving Contrastive Audio-Visual Mask Autoencoders via Fine-Grained Alignment2 May 2025
- 2024A Survey of Recent Advances and Challenges in Deep Audio-Visual Correlation Learning24 Nov 2024
- 2024DETECLAP: Enhancing Audio-Visual Representation Learning with Object Information18 Sep 2024
- 2024Multimodal Emotion Recognition using Audio-Video Transformer Fusion with Cross Attention26 Jul 2024
- 2024Multi-Stage Multi-Modal Pre-Training for Automatic Speech Recognition28 Mar 2024
- 2024EquiAV: Leveraging Equivariance for Audio-Visual Contrastive Learning14 Mar 2024
- 2024FunnyNet-W: Multimodal Learning of Funny Moments in Videos in the Wild8 Jan 2024
- 2023Decoupling Common and Unique Representations for Multimodal Self-supervised Learning11 Sep 2023
- 2023Towards Contrastive Learning in Music Video Domain1 Sep 2023
- 2023Looking Similar, Sounding Different: Leveraging Counterfactual Cross-Modal Pairs for Audiovisual Representation Learning12 Apr 2023
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)