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DWUG: A large Resource of Diachronic Word Usage Graphs in Four Languages

arXiv 2104.08540 ↗First posted 17 Apr 2021cs.CLcited by 25

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Abstract (arXiv)

Word meaning is notoriously difficult to capture, both synchronically and diachronically. In this paper, we describe the creation of the largest resource of graded contextualized, diachronic word meaning annotation in four different languages, based on 100,000 human semantic proximity judgments. We thoroughly describe the multi-round incremental annotation process, the choice for a clustering algorithm to group usages into senses, and possible - diachronic and synchronic - uses for this dataset.

Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 10 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2021.

Builds on

10 of 62 references.

References · 10

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2018Deep contextualized word representationscited by 2,285
  3. 2020SemEval-2020 Task 1: Unsupervised Lexical Semantic Change Detectioncited by 105
  4. 2020Analysing Lexical Semantic Change with Contextualised Word Representationscited by 92
  5. 2018Diachronic Usage Relatedness (DURel): A Framework for the Annotation of Lexical Semantic Changecited by 35
  6. 2020RuSemShift: a dataset of historical lexical semantic change in Russiancited by 16
  7. 2019CoSimLex: A Resource for Evaluating Graded Word Similarity in Contextcited by 13
  8. 2019GASC: Genre-Aware Semantic Change for Ancient Greekcited by 10
  9. 2017German in Flux: Detecting Metaphoric Change via Word Entropycited by 4
  10. 2021Lexical semantic change for Ancient Greek and Latincited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 4; 2023: 3; 2024: 13; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

25 papers.

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  1. 2023A Survey on Contextualised Semantic Shift Detectioncited by 21
  2. 2024A Systematic Comparison of Contextualized Word Embeddings for Lexical Semantic Changecited by 21
  3. 2023Interpretable Word Sense Representations via Definition Generation: The Case of Semantic Change Analysiscited by 19
  4. 2021Lexical Semantic Change Discoverycited by 13
  5. 2021Three-part diachronic semantic change dataset for Russiancited by 11
  6. 2022LSCDiscovery: A shared task on semantic change discovery and detection in Spanishcited by 11
  7. 2024Graph-based Clustering for Detecting Semantic Change Across Time and Languagescited by 10
  8. 2022NorDiaChange: Diachronic Semantic Change Dataset for Norwegiancited by 7
  9. 2022RuDSI: graph-based word sense induction dataset for Russiancited by 7
  10. 2023The DURel Annotation Tool: Human and Computational Measurement of Semantic Proximity, Sense Clusters and Semantic Changecited by 7
  11. 2024(Chat)GPT v BERT: Dawn of Justice for Semantic Change Detectioncited by 7
  12. 2024Using Synchronic Definitions and Semantic Relations to Classify Semantic Change Typescited by 7
13 more
  1. 2024Definition generation for lexical semantic change detectioncited by 7
  2. 2024The Impact of Word Splitting on the Semantic Content of Contextualized Word Representationscited by 6
  3. 2024Towards Automating Text Annotation: A Case Study on Semantic Proximity Annotation using GPT-4cited by 6
  4. 2025SCDTour: Embedding Axis Ordering and Merging for Interpretable Semantic Change Detectioncited by 4
  5. 2022Contextualized Sensorimotor Norms: multi-dimensional measures of sensorimotor strength for ambiguous English words, in contextcited by 3
  6. 2024The LSCD Benchmark: a Testbed for Diachronic Word Meaning Taskscited by 2
  7. 2024Quantifying Lexical Semantic Shift via Unbalanced Optimal Transportcited by 2
  8. 2024Enriching Word Usage Graphs with Cluster Definitionscited by 1
  9. 2024Multilingual Substitution-based Word Sense Inductioncited by 1
  10. 2024Historical Ink: Semantic Shift Detection for 19th Century Spanishcited by 1
  11. 2024JuniperLiu at CoMeDi Shared Task: Models as Annotators in Lexical Semantics Disagreementscited by 0
  12. 2025XL-DURel: Finetuning Sentence Transformers for Ordinal Word-in-Context Classificationcited by 0
  13. 2026Coupled Usage-Sense Processes: Temporal and Attributable Lexical Semantic Changecited by 0