mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

TenSEAL: A Library for Encrypted Tensor Operations Using Homomorphic Encryption

arXiv 2104.03152 ↗First posted 7 Apr 2021cs.CR cs.LGcited by 51

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Abstract (arXiv)

Machine learning algorithms have achieved remarkable results and are widely applied in a variety of domains. These algorithms often rely on sensitive and private data such as medical and financial records. Therefore, it is vital to draw further attention regarding privacy threats and corresponding defensive techniques applied to machine learning models. In this paper, we present TenSEAL, an open-source library for Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning using Homomorphic Encryption that can be easily integrated within popular machine learning frameworks. We benchmark our implementation using MNIST and show that an encrypted convolutional neural network can be evaluated in less than a second, using less than half a megabyte of communication.

Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 4 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Apr 2021.

Builds on

4 of 22 references.

References · 4

  1. 2018MobileNetV2: Inverted Residuals and Linear Bottleneckscited by 4,773
  2. 2018Gazelle: A Low Latency Framework for Secure Neural Network Inferencecited by 193
  3. 2018nGraph-HE: A Graph Compiler for Deep Learning on Homomorphically Encrypted Datacited by 24
  4. 2019nGraph-HE2: A High-Throughput Framework for Neural Network Inference on Encrypted Datacited by 21

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 5; 2023: 9; 2024: 7; 2025: 16; 2026: 13.

51 papers.

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  1. 2023FedML-HE: An Efficient Homomorphic-Encryption-Based Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning Systemcited by 38
  2. 2021FLASHE: Additively Symmetric Homomorphic Encryption for Cross-Silo Federated Learningcited by 15
  3. 2024FRAG: Toward Federated Vector Database Management for Collaborative and Secure Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 12
  4. 2022Split HE: Fast Secure Inference Combining Split Learning and Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 9
  5. 2024A First Look At Efficient And Secure On-Device LLM Inference Against KV Leakagecited by 8
  6. 2022Deploying Convolutional Networks on Untrusted Platforms Using 2D Holographic Reduced Representationscited by 7
  7. 2025Catch-Only-One: Non-Transferable Examples for Model-Specific Authorizationcited by 7
  8. 2023Personalized and privacy-preserving federated heterogeneous medical image analysis with PPPML-HMIcited by 6
  9. 2023When Federated Learning meets Watermarking: A Comprehensive Overview of Techniques for Intellectual Property Protectioncited by 6
  10. 2023Split Without a Leak: Reducing Privacy Leakage in Split Learningcited by 6
  11. 2024Privacy-Preserving Diffusion Model Using Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 4
  12. 2023FheFL: Fully Homomorphic Encryption Friendly Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning with Byzantine Userscited by 3
38 more
  1. 2025Dual Defense: Enhancing Privacy and Mitigating Poisoning Attacks in Federated Learningcited by 3
  2. 2025HyFedRAG: A Federated Retrieval-Augmented Generation Framework for Heterogeneous and Privacy-Sensitive Datacited by 3
  3. 2022Effect of Homomorphic Encryption on the Performance of Training Federated Learning Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 2
  4. 2023Hyperdimensional Computing as a Rescue for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning-as-a-Servicecited by 2
  5. 2023Federated Learning is Better with Non-Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 2
  6. 2024QuanCrypt-FL: Quantized Homomorphic Encryption with Pruning for Secure Federated Learningcited by 2
  7. 2025Exploiting Unstructured Sparsity in Fully Homomorphic Encrypted DNNscited by 2
  8. 2026AEGIS: Scaling Long-Sequence Homomorphic Encrypted Transformer Inference via Hybrid Parallelism on Multi-GPU Systemscited by 2
  9. 2023HE-MAN -- Homomorphically Encrypted MAchine learning with oNnx modelscited by 1
  10. 2024PackVFL: Efficient HE Packing for Vertical Federated Learningcited by 1
  11. 2025CipherFace: A Fully Homomorphic Encryption-Driven Framework for Secure Cloud-Based Facial Recognitioncited by 1
  12. 2025Encrypted Vector Similarity Computations Using Partially Homomorphic Encryption: Applications and Performance Analysiscited by 1
  13. 2025Technical Evaluation of a Disruptive Approach in Homomorphic AIcited by 1
  14. 2025Privacy-Preserving Chest X-ray Classification in Latent Space with Homomorphically Encrypted Neural Inferencecited by 1
  15. 2025Efficient Privacy-Preserving Recommendation on Sparse Data using Fully Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 1
  16. 2025OmniFed: A Modular Framework for Configurable Federated Learning from Edge to HPCcited by 1
  17. 2026A Secure and Private Distributed Bayesian Federated Learning Designcited by 1
  18. 2022Privacy-Preserving Wavelet Neural Network with Fully Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 0
  19. 2022Privacy-Preserving Credit Card Fraud Detection using Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 0
  20. 2023Smuche: Scalar-Multiplicative Caching in Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 0
  21. 2024A Phone-based Distributed Ambient Temperature Measurement System with An Efficient Label-free Automated Training Strategycited by 0
  22. 2024Efficient Privacy-Preserving KAN Inference Using Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 0
  23. 2025CONTINUUM: Detecting APT Attacks through Spatial-Temporal Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
  24. 2025EVA-S2PLoR: Decentralized Secure 2-party Logistic Regression with A Subtly Hadamard Product Protocol (Full Version)cited by 0
  25. 2025Securing Transfer-Learned Networks with Reverse Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 0
  26. 2025Balancing Privacy and Efficiency: Music Information Retrieval via Additive Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 0
  27. 2025An Ensembled Penalized Federated Learning Framework for Falling People Detectioncited by 0
  28. 2025PRISM: Privacy-preserving Inference System with Homomorphic Encryption and Modular Activationcited by 0
  29. 2026Robust Federated Learning via Byzantine Filtering over Encrypted Updatescited by 0
  30. 2026RobPI: Robust Private Inference against Malicious Clientcited by 0
  31. 2026Balancing Privacy-Quality-Efficiency in Federated Learning through Round-Based Interleaving of Protection Techniquescited by 0
  32. 2026mmFHE: mmWave Sensing with End-to-End Fully Homomorphic Encryptioncited by 0
  33. 2026Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning via Differential Privacy and Homomorphic Encryption for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Modelingcited by 0
  34. 2026FEnc2: Unifying Data Packing for Efficient Private Inference via Convolution and Architecture-Aware Fragment Encodingcited by 0
  35. 2026Homomorphic Encryptions for Privacy Preserving Visioncited by 0
  36. 2026SHARD: cell-keyed residual splitting for alignment-resistant private dense retrievalcited by 0
  37. 2026MOSAIC-FL, a micro-service based privacy-preserving framework with application to genomicscited by 0
  38. 2026SecureDrive-FL: Joint Differential Privacy and Gradient-Aware Selective Homomorphic Encryption for Federated Driver Monitoringcited by 0

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