Congolese Swahili Machine Translation for Humanitarian Response
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper we describe our efforts to make a bidirectional Congolese Swahili (SWC) to French (FRA) neural machine translation system with the motivation of improving humanitarian translation workflows. For training, we created a 25,302-sentence general domain parallel corpus and combined it with publicly available data. Experimenting with low-resource methodologies like cross-dialect transfer and semi-supervised learning, we recorded improvements of up to 2.4 and 3.5 BLEU points in the SWC-FRA and FRA-SWC directions, respectively. We performed human evaluations to assess the usability of our models in a COVID-domain chatbot that operates in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Direct assessment in the SWC-FRA direction demonstrated an average quality ranking of 6.3 out of 10 with 75% of the target strings conveying the main message of the source text. For the FRA-SWC direction, our preliminary tests on post-editing assessment showed its potential usefulness for machine-assisted translation. We make our models, datasets containing up to 1 million sentences, our development pipeline, and a translator web-app available for public use.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Mar 2021.
Builds on
11 of 28 references.
References · 11
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2015Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Unitscited by 2,898
- 2018A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scorescited by 1,790
- 2020The State and Fate of Linguistic Diversity and Inclusion in the NLP Worldcited by 789
- 2019WikiMatrix: Mining 135M Parallel Sentences in 1620 Language Pairs from Wikipediacited by 221
- 2016Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translationcited by 188
- 2020Participatory Research for Low-resourced Machine Translation: A Case Study in African Languagescited by 159
- 2020TICO-19: the Translation Initiative for Covid-19cited by 67
- 2018OpenNMT: Neural Machine Translation Toolkitcited by 27
- 2020Low Resource Neural Machine Translation: A Benchmark for Five African Languagescited by 15
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 2; 2023: 0; 2024: 1; 2025: 1.
5 papers.
- 2022A Few Thousand Translations Go a Long Way! Leveraging Pre-trained Models for African News Translationcited by 97
- 2021The Low-Resource Double Bind: An Empirical Study of Pruning for Low-Resource Machine Translationcited by 46
- 2025Charting the Landscape of African NLP: Mapping Progress and Shaping the Road Aheadcited by 15
- 2024Toucan: Many-to-Many Translation for 150 African Language Pairscited by 8
- 2022Bootstrapping NLP tools across low-resourced African languages: an overview and prospectscited by 0
- 2025Charting the Landscape of African NLP: Mapping Progress and Shaping the Road Ahead27 May 2025
- 2024Toucan: Many-to-Many Translation for 150 African Language Pairs5 Jul 2024
- 2022Bootstrapping NLP tools across low-resourced African languages: an overview and prospects21 Oct 2022
- 2022A Few Thousand Translations Go a Long Way! Leveraging Pre-trained Models for African News Translation4 May 2022
- 2021The Low-Resource Double Bind: An Empirical Study of Pruning for Low-Resource Machine Translation6 Oct 2021