DefakeHop: A Light-Weight High-Performance Deepfake Detector
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Abstract (arXiv)
A light-weight high-performance Deepfake detection method, called DefakeHop, is proposed in this work. State-of-the-art Deepfake detection methods are built upon deep neural networks. DefakeHop extracts features automatically using the successive subspace learning (SSL) principle from various parts of face images. The features are extracted by c/w Saab transform and further processed by our feature distillation module using spatial dimension reduction and soft classification for each channel to get a more concise description of the face. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DefakeHop method. With a small model size of 42,845 parameters, DefakeHop achieves state-of-the-art performance with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 100%, 94.95%, and 90.56% on UADFV, Celeb-DF v1 and Celeb-DF v2 datasets, respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 31 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 20 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Mar 2021.
Builds on
16 of 20 references.
References · 16
- 2019FaceForensics++: Learning to Detect Manipulated Facial Imagescited by 1,095
- 2019Celeb-DF: A Large-scale Challenging Dataset for DeepFake Forensicscited by 573
- 2018MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Networkcited by 409
- 2018Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifactscited by 318
- 2018Exposing Deep Fakes Using Inconsistent Head Posescited by 294
- 2020DeepFakes and Beyond: A Survey of Face Manipulation and Fake Detectioncited by 231
- 2019Multi-task Learning For Detecting and Segmenting Manipulated Facial Images and Videoscited by 130
- 2018Two-Stream Neural Networks for Tampered Face Detectioncited by 125
- 2019Recurrent Convolutional Strategies for Face Manipulation Detection in Videoscited by 118
- 2019Use of a Capsule Network to Detect Fake Images and Videoscited by 63
- 2018Interpretable Convolutional Neural Networks via Feedforward Designcited by 49
- 2020PixelHop++: A Small Successive-Subspace-Learning-Based (SSL-based) Model for Image Classificationcited by 37
4 more
- 2016Understanding Convolutional Neural Networks with A Mathematical Modelcited by 33
- 2020DeepFakes Evolution: Analysis of Facial Regions and Fake Detection Performancecited by 22
- 2020FaceHop: A Light-Weight Low-Resolution Face Gender Classification Methodcited by 16
- 2020Low-Resolution Face Recognition In Resource-Constrained Environmentscited by 10
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 8; 2023: 6; 2024: 5; 2025: 4.
31 papers.
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- 2022Green Learning: Introduction, Examples and Outlookcited by 30
- 2021BERTHop: An Effective Vision-and-Language Model for Chest X-ray Disease Diagnosiscited by 20
- 2022Testing Human Ability To Detect Deepfake Images of Human Facescited by 15
- 2021AnomalyHop: An SSL-based Image Anomaly Localization Methodcited by 12
- 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
- 2025SAGI: Semantically Aligned and Uncertainty Guided AI Image Inpaintingcited by 10
- 2021E-PixelHop: An Enhanced PixelHop Method for Object Classificationcited by 9
- 2021Geo-DefakeHop: High-Performance Geographic Fake Image Detectioncited by 9
- 2022SpecRNet: Towards Faster and More Accessible Audio DeepFake Detectioncited by 9
- 2023An Overview on Generative AI at Scale with Edge-Cloud Computingcited by 9
- 2021TGHop: An Explainable, Efficient and Lightweight Method for Texture Generationcited by 8
- 2021GSIP: Green Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale Indoor Point Cloudscited by 7
19 more
- 2021A-PixelHop: A Green, Robust and Explainable Fake-Image Detectorcited by 7
- 2023Self-Supervised Graph Transformer for Deepfake Detectioncited by 6
- 2025CAD: A General Multimodal Framework for Video Deepfake Detection via Cross-Modal Alignment and Distillationcited by 6
- 2022DefakeHop++: An Enhanced Lightweight Deepfake Detectorcited by 5
- 2022PAGER: Progressive Attribute-Guided Extendable Robust Image Generationcited by 5
- 2021Bridging Gap between Image Pixels and Semantics via Supervision: A Surveycited by 4
- 2022GENHOP: An Image Generation Method Based on Successive Subspace Learningcited by 4
- 2022Design of Supervision-Scalable Learning Systems: Methodology and Performance Benchmarkingcited by 3
- 2023Enhancing Edge Intelligence with Highly Discriminant LNT Featurescited by 3
- 2022Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detectioncited by 2
- 2024GreenCOD: A Green Camouflaged Object Detection Methodcited by 2
- 2023Green Steganalyzer: A Green Learning Approach to Image Steganalysiscited by 1
- 2024Shaking the Fake: Detecting Deepfake Videos in Real Time via Active Probescited by 1
- 2025Combating Falsification of Speech Videos with Live Optical Signatures (Extended Version)cited by 1
- 2025De-Fake: Style based Anomaly Deepfake Detectioncited by 1
- 2023A Tiny Machine Learning Model for Point Cloud Object Classificationcited by 0
- 2024Datasets, Clues and State-of-the-Arts for Multimedia Forensics: An Extensive Reviewcited by 0
- 2024GWPT: A Green Word-Embedding-based POS Taggercited by 0
- 2024Comparative Analysis of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Detecting Medical Image Deepfakescited by 0
- 2025De-Fake: Style based Anomaly Deepfake Detection4 Jul 2025
- 2025CAD: A General Multimodal Framework for Video Deepfake Detection via Cross-Modal Alignment and Distillation21 May 2025
- 2025Combating Falsification of Speech Videos with Live Optical Signatures (Extended Version)30 Apr 2025
- 2025SAGI: Semantically Aligned and Uncertainty Guided AI Image Inpainting10 Feb 2025
- 2024Shaking the Fake: Detecting Deepfake Videos in Real Time via Active Probes17 Sep 2024
- 2024GreenCOD: A Green Camouflaged Object Detection Method25 May 2024
- 2024GWPT: A Green Word-Embedding-based POS Tagger15 Jan 2024
- 2024Datasets, Clues and State-of-the-Arts for Multimedia Forensics: An Extensive Review13 Jan 2024
- 2024Comparative Analysis of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Detecting Medical Image Deepfakes8 Jan 2024
- 2023Enhancing Edge Intelligence with Highly Discriminant LNT Features19 Dec 2023
- 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection3 Oct 2023
- 2023Self-Supervised Graph Transformer for Deepfake Detection27 Jul 2023
19 more
- 2023Green Steganalyzer: A Green Learning Approach to Image Steganalysis6 Jun 2023
- 2023An Overview on Generative AI at Scale with Edge-Cloud Computing2 Jun 2023
- 2023A Tiny Machine Learning Model for Point Cloud Object Classification20 Mar 2023
- 2022Fighting Malicious Media Data: A Survey on Tampering Detection and Deepfake Detection12 Dec 2022
- 2022Testing Human Ability To Detect Deepfake Images of Human Faces7 Dec 2022
- 2022SpecRNet: Towards Faster and More Accessible Audio DeepFake Detection12 Oct 2022
- 2022GENHOP: An Image Generation Method Based on Successive Subspace Learning7 Oct 2022
- 2022Green Learning: Introduction, Examples and Outlook3 Oct 2022
- 2022Design of Supervision-Scalable Learning Systems: Methodology and Performance Benchmarking18 Jun 2022
- 2022PAGER: Progressive Attribute-Guided Extendable Robust Image Generation1 Jun 2022
- 2022DefakeHop++: An Enhanced Lightweight Deepfake Detector30 Apr 2022
- 2021A-PixelHop: A Green, Robust and Explainable Fake-Image Detector7 Nov 2021
- 2021Geo-DefakeHop: High-Performance Geographic Fake Image Detection19 Oct 2021
- 2021GSIP: Green Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale Indoor Point Clouds24 Sep 2021
- 2021BERTHop: An Effective Vision-and-Language Model for Chest X-ray Disease Diagnosis10 Aug 2021
- 2021Bridging Gap between Image Pixels and Semantics via Supervision: A Survey29 Jul 2021
- 2021TGHop: An Explainable, Efficient and Lightweight Method for Texture Generation8 Jul 2021
- 2021E-PixelHop: An Enhanced PixelHop Method for Object Classification7 Jul 2021
- 2021AnomalyHop: An SSL-based Image Anomaly Localization Method8 May 2021
- 2022Green Learning: Introduction, Examples and Outlookcited by 30
- 2021BERTHop: An Effective Vision-and-Language Model for Chest X-ray Disease Diagnosiscited by 20
- 2022Testing Human Ability To Detect Deepfake Images of Human Facescited by 15
- 2021AnomalyHop: An SSL-based Image Anomaly Localization Methodcited by 12
- 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
- 2025SAGI: Semantically Aligned and Uncertainty Guided AI Image Inpaintingcited by 10
- 2021E-PixelHop: An Enhanced PixelHop Method for Object Classificationcited by 9
- 2021Geo-DefakeHop: High-Performance Geographic Fake Image Detectioncited by 9
- 2022SpecRNet: Towards Faster and More Accessible Audio DeepFake Detectioncited by 9
- 2023An Overview on Generative AI at Scale with Edge-Cloud Computingcited by 9
- 2021TGHop: An Explainable, Efficient and Lightweight Method for Texture Generationcited by 8
- 2021GSIP: Green Semantic Segmentation of Large-Scale Indoor Point Cloudscited by 7
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2025De-Fake: Style based Anomaly Deepfake Detection4 Jul 2025
- 2025CAD: A General Multimodal Framework for Video Deepfake Detection via Cross-Modal Alignment and Distillation21 May 2025
- 2025Combating Falsification of Speech Videos with Live Optical Signatures (Extended Version)30 Apr 2025
- 2025SAGI: Semantically Aligned and Uncertainty Guided AI Image Inpainting10 Feb 2025
- 2024Shaking the Fake: Detecting Deepfake Videos in Real Time via Active Probes17 Sep 2024
- 2024GreenCOD: A Green Camouflaged Object Detection Method25 May 2024
- 2024GWPT: A Green Word-Embedding-based POS Tagger15 Jan 2024
- 2024Datasets, Clues and State-of-the-Arts for Multimedia Forensics: An Extensive Review13 Jan 2024
- 2024Comparative Analysis of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Detecting Medical Image Deepfakes8 Jan 2024
- 2023Enhancing Edge Intelligence with Highly Discriminant LNT Features19 Dec 2023
- 2023MIS-AVoiDD: Modality Invariant and Specific Representation for Audio-Visual Deepfake Detection3 Oct 2023
- 2023Self-Supervised Graph Transformer for Deepfake Detection27 Jul 2023
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)