mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Learning disentangled representations via product manifold projection

arXiv 2103.01638 ↗First posted 2 Mar 2021cs.LGcited by 20

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a novel approach to disentangle the generative factors of variation underlying a given set of observations. Our method builds upon the idea that the (unknown) low-dimensional manifold underlying the data space can be explicitly modeled as a product of submanifolds. This definition of disentanglement gives rise to a novel weakly-supervised algorithm for recovering the unknown explanatory factors behind the data. At training time, our algorithm only requires pairs of non i.i.d. data samples whose elements share at least one, possibly multidimensional, generative factor of variation. We require no knowledge on the nature of these transformations, and do not make any limiting assumption on the properties of each subspace. Our approach is easy to implement, and can be successfully applied to different kinds of data (from images to 3D surfaces) undergoing arbitrary transformations. In addition to standard synthetic benchmarks, we showcase our method in challenging real-world applications, where we compare favorably with the state of the art.

Key facts. Cited by 20 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Mar 2021.

Builds on

20 of 46 references.

References · 20

  1. 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
  2. 2018UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reductioncited by 2,841
  3. 2018Challenging Common Assumptions in the Unsupervised Learning of Disentangled Representationscited by 929
  4. 2018Disentangling by Factorisingcited by 614
  5. 2018Towards a Definition of Disentangled Representationscited by 294
  6. 2018Nonlinear ICA Using Auxiliary Variables and Generalized Contrastive Learningcited by 278
  7. 2016Unsupervised Feature Extraction by Time-Contrastive Learning and Nonlinear ICAcited by 270
  8. 2018Learning Blind Video Temporal Consistencycited by 247
  9. 2017Variational Inference of Disentangled Latent Concepts from Unlabeled Observationscited by 240
  10. 2020Weakly-Supervised Disentanglement Without Compromisescited by 237
  11. 2015Deep Convolutional Inverse Graphics Networkcited by 121
  12. 2019Weakly Supervised Disentanglement with Guaranteescited by 82
8 more
  1. 2019Disentangling Factors of Variation Using Few Labelscited by 57
  2. 2020LIMP: Learning Latent Shape Representations with Metric Preservation Priorscited by 54
  3. 2019Composite Shape Modeling via Latent Space Factorizationcited by 31
  4. 2018Style and Content Disentanglement in Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 29
  5. 2020Disentangling by Subspace Diffusioncited by 28
  6. 2017Disentangling Factors of Variation by Mixing Themcited by 18
  7. 2019Product of Orthogonal Spheres Parameterization for Disentangled Representation Learningcited by 8
  8. 2019DLGAN: Disentangling Label-Specific Fine-Grained Features for Image Manipulationcited by 1

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 1; 2023: 8; 2024: 4; 2025: 6.

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  1. 2023Leveraging sparse and shared feature activations for disentangled representation learningcited by 32
  2. 2024Unifying Causal Representation Learning with the Invariance Principlecited by 30
  3. 2023From Bricks to Bridges: Product of Invariances to Enhance Latent Space Communicationcited by 20
  4. 2023Neural Latent Geometry Search: Product Manifold Inference via Gromov-Hausdorff-Informed Bayesian Optimizationcited by 18
  5. 2023Towards a Unified Framework of Contrastive Learning for Disentangled Representationscited by 13
  6. 2021Intuitive Shape Editing in Latent Spacecited by 7
  7. 2025Diffusion Generative Modeling on Lie Group Representationscited by 6
  8. 2025A Theory of Initialisation's Impact on Specialisationcited by 6
  9. 2025Connecting Neural Models Latent Geometries with Relative Geodesic Representationscited by 4
  10. 2025Mechanistic Independence: A Principle for Identifiable Disentangled Representationscited by 3
  11. 2023Enriching Disentanglement: From Logical Definitions to Quantitative Metricscited by 2
  12. 2024DifAttack++: Query-Efficient Black-Box Adversarial Attack via Hierarchical Disentangled Feature Space in Cross-Domaincited by 2
8 more
  1. 2024Latent Functional Maps: a spectral framework for representation alignmentcited by 1
  2. 2024Transferring disentangled representations: bridging the gap between synthetic and real imagescited by 1
  3. 2025In-Context Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1
  4. 2022Invariance-adapted decomposition and Lasso-type contrastive learningcited by 0
  5. 2023Towards Microstructural State Variables in Materials Systemscited by 0
  6. 2023Parametrizing Product Shape Manifolds by Composite Networkscited by 0
  7. 2023Disentangled Latent Spaces Facilitate Data-Driven Auxiliary Learningcited by 0
  8. 2025Disentangled representations of microscopy imagescited by 0