Interpretable Multi-Modal Hate Speech Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
With growing role of social media in shaping public opinions and beliefs across the world, there has been an increased attention to identify and counter the problem of hate speech on social media. Hate speech on online spaces has serious manifestations, including social polarization and hate crimes. While prior works have proposed automated techniques to detect hate speech online, these techniques primarily fail to look beyond the textual content. Moreover, few attempts have been made to focus on the aspects of interpretability of such models given the social and legal implications of incorrect predictions. In this work, we propose a deep neural multi-modal model that can: (a) detect hate speech by effectively capturing the semantics of the text along with socio-cultural context in which a particular hate expression is made, and (b) provide interpretable insights into decisions of our model. By performing a thorough evaluation of different modeling techniques, we demonstrate that our model is able to outperform the existing state-of-the-art hate speech classification approaches. Finally, we show the importance of social and cultural context features towards unearthing clusters associated with different categories of hate.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Mar 2021.
Builds on
14 of 30 references.
References · 14
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- 2018A Survey Of Methods For Explaining Black Box Modelscited by 973
- 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 736
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- 2017Deceiving Google's Perspective API Built for Detecting Toxic Commentscited by 102
- 2018Hate Lingo: A Target-based Linguistic Analysis of Hate Speech in Social Mediacited by 59
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2 more
- 2017Detecting the Hate Code on Social Mediacited by 16
- 2016Cyberbullying Identification Using Participant-Vocabulary Consistencycited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 1; 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.
10 papers.
- 2021A Survey on Multimodal Disinformation Detectioncited by 47
- 2023ConGraT: Self-Supervised Contrastive Pretraining for Joint Graph and Text Embeddingscited by 32
- 2023Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review of Methodological Advances and Future Research Directionscited by 25
- 2022Deep Learning for Hate Speech Detection: A Comparative Studycited by 13
- 2021Deciphering Implicit Hate: Evaluating Automated Detection Algorithms for Multimodal Hatecited by 8
- 2025Rethinking Explainability in the Era of Multimodal AIcited by 6
- 2024Align before Attend: Aligning Visual and Textual Features for Multimodal Hateful Content Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Probing Critical Learning Dynamics of PLMs for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 3
- 2024Beyond Dataset Creation: Critical View of Annotation Variation and Bias Probing of a Dataset for Online Radical Content Detectioncited by 3
- 2023ARC-NLP at Multimodal Hate Speech Event Detection 2023: Multimodal Methods Boosted by Ensemble Learning, Syntactical and Entity Featurescited by 2
- 2025Rethinking Explainability in the Era of Multimodal AI16 Jun 2025
- 2024Beyond Dataset Creation: Critical View of Annotation Variation and Bias Probing of a Dataset for Online Radical Content Detection16 Dec 2024
- 2024Align before Attend: Aligning Visual and Textual Features for Multimodal Hateful Content Detection15 Feb 2024
- 2024Probing Critical Learning Dynamics of PLMs for Hate Speech Detection3 Feb 2024
- 2023ARC-NLP at Multimodal Hate Speech Event Detection 2023: Multimodal Methods Boosted by Ensemble Learning, Syntactical and Entity Features25 Jul 2023
- 2023Multimodal Explainable Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Review of Methodological Advances and Future Research Directions9 Jun 2023
- 2023ConGraT: Self-Supervised Contrastive Pretraining for Joint Graph and Text Embeddings23 May 2023
- 2022Deep Learning for Hate Speech Detection: A Comparative Study19 Feb 2022
- 2021Deciphering Implicit Hate: Evaluating Automated Detection Algorithms for Multimodal Hate10 Jun 2021
- 2021A Survey on Multimodal Disinformation Detection13 Mar 2021