mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Interpretable Multi-Modal Hate Speech Detection

arXiv 2103.01616 ↗First posted 2 Mar 2021cs.CL cs.LGcited by 10

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Abstract (arXiv)

With growing role of social media in shaping public opinions and beliefs across the world, there has been an increased attention to identify and counter the problem of hate speech on social media. Hate speech on online spaces has serious manifestations, including social polarization and hate crimes. While prior works have proposed automated techniques to detect hate speech online, these techniques primarily fail to look beyond the textual content. Moreover, few attempts have been made to focus on the aspects of interpretability of such models given the social and legal implications of incorrect predictions. In this work, we propose a deep neural multi-modal model that can: (a) detect hate speech by effectively capturing the semantics of the text along with socio-cultural context in which a particular hate expression is made, and (b) provide interpretable insights into decisions of our model. By performing a thorough evaluation of different modeling techniques, we demonstrate that our model is able to outperform the existing state-of-the-art hate speech classification approaches. Finally, we show the importance of social and cultural context features towards unearthing clusters associated with different categories of hate.

Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Mar 2021.

Builds on

14 of 30 references.

References · 14

  1. 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,070
  2. 2014Convolutional Neural Networks for Sentence Classificationcited by 1,127
  3. 2018A Survey Of Methods For Explaining Black Box Modelscited by 973
  4. 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 736
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  7. 2018Large Scale Crowdsourcing and Characterization of Twitter Abusive Behaviorcited by 270
  8. 2017Deceiving Google's Perspective API Built for Detecting Toxic Commentscited by 102
  9. 2018Hate Lingo: A Target-based Linguistic Analysis of Hate Speech in Social Mediacited by 59
  10. 2018All You Need is "Love": Evading Hate-speech Detectioncited by 56
  11. 2017One-step and Two-step Classification for Abusive Language Detection on Twittercited by 46
  12. 2017Anyone Can Become a Troll: Causes of Trolling Behavior in Online Discussionscited by 30
2 more
  1. 2017Detecting the Hate Code on Social Mediacited by 16
  2. 2016Cyberbullying Identification Using Participant-Vocabulary Consistencycited by 2

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 1; 2023: 3; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.

10 papers.