Detecting the Hate Code on Social Media
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Abstract (arXiv)
Social media has become an indispensable part of the everyday lives of millions of people around the world. It provides a platform for expressing opinions and beliefs, communicated to a massive audience. However, this ease with which people can express themselves has also allowed for the large scale spread of propaganda and hate speech. To prevent violating the abuse policies of social media platforms and also to avoid detection by automatic systems like Google's Conversation AI, racists have begun to use a code (a movement termed Operation Google). This involves substituting references to communities by benign words that seem out of context, in hate filled posts or Tweets. For example, users have used the words Googles and Bings to represent the African-American and Asian communities, respectively. By generating the list of users who post such content, we move a step forward from classifying tweets by allowing us to study the usage pattern of these concentrated set of users.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Mar 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 2; 2023: 5; 2024: 2; 2025: 1.
16 papers.
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- 2021Detection of Hate Speech using BERT and Hate Speech Word Embedding with Deep Modelcited by 26
- 2023From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns: Unveiling Coded Rhetoric with Language Modelscited by 26
- 2021AOMD: An Analogy-aware Approach to Offensive Meme Detection on Social Mediacited by 13
- 2021Interpretable Multi-Modal Hate Speech Detectioncited by 10
- 2021Deciphering Implicit Hate: Evaluating Automated Detection Algorithms for Multimodal Hatecited by 8
- 2024Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistlescited by 7
- 2023Evaluating ChatGPT's Performance for Multilingual and Emoji-based Hate Speech Detectioncited by 6
- 2021IIITG-ADBU@HASOC-Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2020: Offensive Content Detection in Code-Mixed Dravidian Textcited by 2
- 2023Safer Conversational AI as a Source of User Delightcited by 2
- 2022Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gabcited by 1
- 2021Code Word Detection in Fraud Investigations using a Deep-Learning Approachcited by 0
- 2022Detecting Offensive Language on Social Networks: An End-to-end Detection Method based on Graph Attention Networkscited by 0
4 more
- 2023A Group-Specific Approach to NLP for Hate Speech Detectioncited by 0
- 2023Cordyceps@LT-EDI: Patching Language-Specific Homophobia/Transphobia Classifiers with a Multilingual Understandingcited by 0
- 2024Hate Content Detection via Novel Pre-Processing Sequencing and Ensemble Methodscited by 0
- 2025Covering Cracks in Content Moderation: Delexicalized Distant Supervision for Illicit Drug Jargon Detectioncited by 0
- 2025Covering Cracks in Content Moderation: Delexicalized Distant Supervision for Illicit Drug Jargon Detection19 Mar 2025
- 2024Hate Content Detection via Novel Pre-Processing Sequencing and Ensemble Methods8 Sep 2024
- 2024Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles10 Jun 2024
- 2023Cordyceps@LT-EDI: Patching Language-Specific Homophobia/Transphobia Classifiers with a Multilingual Understanding24 Sep 2023
- 2023From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns: Unveiling Coded Rhetoric with Language Models26 May 2023
- 2023Evaluating ChatGPT's Performance for Multilingual and Emoji-based Hate Speech Detection22 May 2023
- 2023A Group-Specific Approach to NLP for Hate Speech Detection21 Apr 2023
- 2023Safer Conversational AI as a Source of User Delight18 Apr 2023
- 2022Detecting Offensive Language on Social Networks: An End-to-end Detection Method based on Graph Attention Networks4 Mar 2022
- 2022Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gab27 Jan 2022
- 2021Detection of Hate Speech using BERT and Hate Speech Word Embedding with Deep Model2 Nov 2021
- 2021IIITG-ADBU@HASOC-Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2020: Offensive Content Detection in Code-Mixed Dravidian Text29 Jul 2021
4 more
- 2021AOMD: An Analogy-aware Approach to Offensive Meme Detection on Social Media21 Jun 2021
- 2021Deciphering Implicit Hate: Evaluating Automated Detection Algorithms for Multimodal Hate10 Jun 2021
- 2021Code Word Detection in Fraud Investigations using a Deep-Learning Approach17 Mar 2021
- 2021Interpretable Multi-Modal Hate Speech Detection2 Mar 2021
- 2021Detection of Hate Speech using BERT and Hate Speech Word Embedding with Deep Modelcited by 26
- 2023From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns: Unveiling Coded Rhetoric with Language Modelscited by 26
- 2021AOMD: An Analogy-aware Approach to Offensive Meme Detection on Social Mediacited by 13
- 2021Interpretable Multi-Modal Hate Speech Detectioncited by 10
- 2021Deciphering Implicit Hate: Evaluating Automated Detection Algorithms for Multimodal Hatecited by 8
- 2024Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistlescited by 7
- 2023Evaluating ChatGPT's Performance for Multilingual and Emoji-based Hate Speech Detectioncited by 6
- 2021IIITG-ADBU@HASOC-Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2020: Offensive Content Detection in Code-Mixed Dravidian Textcited by 2
- 2023Safer Conversational AI as a Source of User Delightcited by 2
- 2022Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gabcited by 1
- 2021Code Word Detection in Fraud Investigations using a Deep-Learning Approachcited by 0
- 2022Detecting Offensive Language on Social Networks: An End-to-end Detection Method based on Graph Attention Networkscited by 0
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2025Covering Cracks in Content Moderation: Delexicalized Distant Supervision for Illicit Drug Jargon Detection19 Mar 2025
- 2024Hate Content Detection via Novel Pre-Processing Sequencing and Ensemble Methods8 Sep 2024
- 2024Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles10 Jun 2024
- 2023Cordyceps@LT-EDI: Patching Language-Specific Homophobia/Transphobia Classifiers with a Multilingual Understanding24 Sep 2023
- 2023From Dogwhistles to Bullhorns: Unveiling Coded Rhetoric with Language Models26 May 2023
- 2023Evaluating ChatGPT's Performance for Multilingual and Emoji-based Hate Speech Detection22 May 2023
- 2023A Group-Specific Approach to NLP for Hate Speech Detection21 Apr 2023
- 2023Safer Conversational AI as a Source of User Delight18 Apr 2023
- 2022Detecting Offensive Language on Social Networks: An End-to-end Detection Method based on Graph Attention Networks4 Mar 2022
- 2022Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gab27 Jan 2022
- 2021Detection of Hate Speech using BERT and Hate Speech Word Embedding with Deep Model2 Nov 2021
- 2021IIITG-ADBU@HASOC-Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2020: Offensive Content Detection in Code-Mixed Dravidian Text29 Jul 2021
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)