Automated Detection of Equine Facial Action Units
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Abstract (arXiv)
The recently developed Equine Facial Action Coding System (EquiFACS) provides a precise and exhaustive, but laborious, manual labelling method of facial action units of the horse. To automate parts of this process, we propose a Deep Learning-based method to detect EquiFACS units automatically from images. We use a cascade framework; we firstly train several object detectors to detect the predefined Region-of-Interest (ROI), and secondly apply binary classifiers for each action unit in related regions. We experiment with both regular CNNs and a more tailored model transferred from human facial action unit recognition. Promising initial results are presented for nine action units in the eye and lower face regions. Code for the project is publicly available.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 8 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Feb 2021.
Builds on
8 of 21 references.
References · 8
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
- 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
- 2016Grad-CAM: Visual Explanations from Deep Networks via Gradient-based Localizationcited by 6,690
- 2015SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detectorcited by 3,125
- 2018YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvementcited by 2,652
- 2018Facial Action Unit Detection Using Attention and Relation Learningcited by 46
- 2019Dynamics are Important for the Recognition of Equine Pain in Videocited by 8
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 0; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.
4 papers.
- 2021Input-level Inductive Biases for 3D Reconstructioncited by 31
- 2021Sharing Pain: Using Pain Domain Transfer for Video Recognition of Low Grade Orthopedic Pain in Horsescited by 2
- 2022Going Deeper than Tracking: a Survey of Computer-Vision Based Recognition of Animal Pain and Affective Statescited by 2
- 2026Horse Eye Blink Detection and Classification for Equine Affective State Assessmentcited by 0
- 2026Horse Eye Blink Detection and Classification for Equine Affective State Assessment3 Jun 2026
- 2022Going Deeper than Tracking: a Survey of Computer-Vision Based Recognition of Animal Pain and Affective States16 Jun 2022
- 2021Input-level Inductive Biases for 3D Reconstruction6 Dec 2021
- 2021Sharing Pain: Using Pain Domain Transfer for Video Recognition of Low Grade Orthopedic Pain in Horses21 May 2021