A reproduction of Apple's bi-directional LSTM models for language identification in short strings
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Abstract (arXiv)
Language Identification is the task of identifying a document's language. For applications like automatic spell checker selection, language identification must use very short strings such as text message fragments. In this work, we reproduce a language identification architecture that Apple briefly sketched in a blog post. We confirm the bi-LSTM model's performance and find that it outperforms current open-source language identifiers. We further find that its language identification mistakes are due to confusion between related languages.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 19 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Feb 2021.
Builds on
7 of 19 references.
References · 7
- 2016Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Informationcited by 1,578
- 2016Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classificationcited by 869
- 2016FastText.zip: Compressing text classification modelscited by 331
- 2018Automatic Language Identification in Texts: A Surveycited by 40
- 2017LanideNN: Multilingual Language Identification on Character Windowcited by 10
- 2020Discriminating Between Similar Nordic Languagescited by 10
- 2018Automatic Language Identification for Romance Languages using Stop Words and Diacriticscited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 0; 2024: 2; 2025: 1.
4 papers.
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- 2022Modernizing Open-Set Speech Language Identificationcited by 1
- 2025Improving Informally Romanized Language Identificationcited by 1
- 2025Improving Informally Romanized Language Identification30 Apr 2025
- 2024Bridging Cultural Nuances in Dialogue Agents through Cultural Value Surveys18 Jan 2024
- 2024ML-On-Rails: Safeguarding Machine Learning Models in Software Systems A Case Study12 Jan 2024
- 2022Modernizing Open-Set Speech Language Identification20 May 2022