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SpanEmo: Casting Multi-label Emotion Classification as Span-prediction

arXiv 2101.10038 ↗First posted 25 Jan 2021cs.CLcited by 37

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Abstract (arXiv)

Emotion recognition (ER) is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP), due to its high impact in real-world applications from health and well-being to author profiling, consumer analysis and security. Current approaches to ER, mainly classify emotions independently without considering that emotions can co-exist. Such approaches overlook potential ambiguities, in which multiple emotions overlap. We propose a new model "SpanEmo" casting multi-label emotion classification as span-prediction, which can aid ER models to learn associations between labels and words in a sentence. Furthermore, we introduce a loss function focused on modelling multiple co-existing emotions in the input sentence. Experiments performed on the SemEval2018 multi-label emotion data over three language sets (i.e., English, Arabic and Spanish) demonstrate our method's effectiveness. Finally, we present different analyses that illustrate the benefits of our method in terms of improving the model performance and learning meaningful associations between emotion classes and words in the sentence.

Key facts. Cited by 37 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Jan 2021.

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13 of 51 references.

References · 13

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  3. 2013Crowdsourcing a Word-Emotion Association Lexiconcited by 196
  4. 2017Using millions of emoji occurrences to learn any-domain representations for detecting sentiment, emotion and sarcasmcited by 118
  5. 2018SGM: Sequence Generation Model for Multi-label Classificationcited by 89
  6. 2020KUISAIL at SemEval-2020 Task 12: BERT-CNN for Offensive Speech Identification in Social Mediacited by 84
  7. 2019Emotion-Cause Pair Extraction: A New Task to Emotion Analysis in Textscited by 83
  8. 2017Emotion Intensities in Tweetscited by 32
  9. 2018NTUA-SLP at SemEval-2018 Task 1: Predicting Affective Content in Tweets with Deep Attentive RNNs and Transfer Learningcited by 23
  10. 2017Learning Deep Latent Spaces for Multi-Label Classificationcited by 21
  11. 2018Joint Binary Neural Network for Multi-label Learning with Applications to Emotion Classificationcited by 12
  12. 2020EmoGraph: Capturing Emotion Correlations using Graph Networkscited by 11
1 more
  1. 2013Using Nuances of Emotion to Identify Personalitycited by 6

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 16; 2025: 6; 2026: 1.

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  1. 2024Emotion Analysis in NLP: Trends, Gaps and Roadmap for Future Directionscited by 27
  2. 2024Whose Emotions and Moral Sentiments Do Language Models Reflect?cited by 20
  3. 2022Leveraging Label Correlations in a Multi-label Setting: A Case Study in Emotioncited by 14
  4. 2023Emotion fusion for mental illness detection from social media: A surveycited by 13
  5. 2025Large Language Models Do Multi-Label Classification Differentlycited by 13
  6. 2022An Effective Deployment of Contrastive Learning in Multi-label Text Classificationcited by 9
  7. 2024Multi-Label Classification for Implicit Discourse Relation Recognitioncited by 9
  8. 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Affective Computing; Challenges, Trends, Applications, and Future Directionscited by 7
  9. 2024TempoFormer: A Transformer for Temporally-aware Representations in Change Detectioncited by 5
  10. 2021Multilingual and Multilabel Emotion Recognition using Virtual Adversarial Trainingcited by 4
  11. 2023Inducing Political Bias Allows Language Models Anticipate Partisan Reactions to Controversiescited by 4
  12. 2023Polarized Online Discourse on Abortion: Frames and Hostile Expressions among Liberals and Conservativescited by 4
25 more
  1. 2024Exploring Contrastive Learning for Long-Tailed Multi-Label Text Classificationcited by 4
  2. 2024Dealing with Controversy: An Emotion and Coping Strategy Corpus Based on Role Playingcited by 4
  3. 2024Aggregation Artifacts in Subjective Tasks Collapse Large Language Models' Posteriorscited by 4
  4. 2024Estimating Causal Effects of Text Interventions Leveraging LLMscited by 4
  5. 2022Anger Breeds Controversy: Analyzing Controversy and Emotions on Redditcited by 3
  6. 2024Leveraging Machine Learning to Identify Gendered Stereotypes and Body Image Concerns on Diet and Fitness Online Forumscited by 3
  7. 2021EmoDNN: Understanding emotions from short texts through a deep neural network ensemblecited by 2
  8. 2021Cross Domain Emotion Recognition using Few Shot Knowledge Transfercited by 2
  9. 2024Analyzing Persuasive Strategies in Meme Texts: A Fusion of Language Models with Paraphrase Enrichmentcited by 2
  10. 2022Transformer based ensemble for emotion detectioncited by 1
  11. 2024LyS at SemEval-2024 Task 3: An Early Prototype for End-to-End Multimodal Emotion Linking as Graph-Based Parsingcited by 1
  12. 2024Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Foundational Models for Q&A Classification in Mental Health carecited by 1
  13. 2024Enhancing Emotion Prediction in News Headlines: Insights from ChatGPT and Seq2Seq Models for Free-Text Generationcited by 1
  14. 2024Improving Arabic Multi-Label Emotion Classification using Stacked Embeddings and Hybrid Loss Functioncited by 1
  15. 2025EiCAP: Beyond Fluency, Probing and Improving Emotional Intelligence in LLMs via Psychologically Grounded Multi-Turn Dialoguecited by 1
  16. 2025Leveraging IndoBERT and DistilBERT for Indonesian Emotion Classification in E-Commerce Reviewscited by 1
  17. 2021Lexico-semantic and affective modelling of Spanish poetry: A semi-supervised learning approachcited by 0
  18. 2022Auto-ABSA: Cross-Domain Aspect Detection and Sentiment Analysis Using Auxiliary Sentencescited by 0
  19. 2022VAuLT: Augmenting the Vision-and-Language Transformer for Sentiment Classification on Social Mediacited by 0
  20. 2024Posts of Peril: Detecting Information About Hazards in Textcited by 0
  21. 2024#EpiTwitter: Public Health Messaging During the COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 0
  22. 2025Deciphering Emotions in Children Storybooks: A Comparative Analysis of Multimodal LLMs in Educational Applicationscited by 0
  23. 2025Gendered Divides in Online Discussions about Reproductive Rightscited by 0
  24. 2025Semantic F1 Scores: Fair Evaluation Under Fuzzy Class Boundariescited by 0
  25. 2026Reasoning under Ambiguity: Uncertainty-Aware Multilingual Emotion Classification under Partial Supervisioncited by 0