On the quantization of recurrent neural networks
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Abstract (arXiv)
Integer quantization of neural networks can be defined as the approximation of the high precision computation of the canonical neural network formulation, using reduced integer precision. It plays a significant role in the efficient deployment and execution of machine learning (ML) systems, reducing memory consumption and leveraging typically faster computations. In this work, we present an integer-only quantization strategy for Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network topologies, which themselves are the foundation of many production ML systems. Our quantization strategy is accurate (e.g. works well with quantization post-training), efficient and fast to execute (utilizing 8 bit integer weights and mostly 8 bit activations), and is able to target a variety of hardware (by leveraging instructions sets available in common CPU architectures, as well as available neural accelerators).
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jan 2021.
Builds on
14 of 26 references.
References · 14
- 2016Layer Normalizationcited by 5,669
- 2014Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translationcited by 4,057
- 2014Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networkscited by 2,986
- 2015Learning both Weights and Connections for Efficient Neural Networkscited by 2,031
- 2017Quantization and Training of Neural Networks for Efficient Integer-Arithmetic-Only Inferencecited by 1,593
- 2016Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translationcited by 1,475
- 2015LSTM: A Search Space Odysseycited by 316
- 2018Streaming End-to-end Speech Recognition For Mobile Devicescited by 234
- 2020A Streaming On-Device End-to-End Model Surpassing Server-Side Conventional Model Quality and Latencycited by 100
- 2017Simple Recurrent Units for Highly Parallelizable Recurrencecited by 61
- 2019Optimizing Speech Recognition For The Edgecited by 32
- 2016Personalized Speech recognition on mobile devicescited by 23
2 more
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 1; 2023: 2; 2024: 1; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
7 papers.
- 2023TinyML: Tools, Applications, Challenges, and Future Research Directionscited by 14
- 2024Q-S5: Towards Quantized State Space Modelscited by 10
- 2021ML-EXray: Visibility into ML Deployment on the Edgecited by 6
- 2025Accelerating Linear Recurrent Neural Networks for the Edge with Unstructured Sparsitycited by 3
- 2022Engineering the Neural Automatic Passenger Countercited by 2
- 2023Accelerator-Aware Training for Transducer-Based Speech Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Beyond Model Size: Redesigning LiSenNet for embedded speech enhancementcited by 0
- 2026Beyond Model Size: Redesigning LiSenNet for embedded speech enhancement24 Sep 2026
- 2025Accelerating Linear Recurrent Neural Networks for the Edge with Unstructured Sparsity3 Feb 2025
- 2024Q-S5: Towards Quantized State Space Models13 Jun 2024
- 2023Accelerator-Aware Training for Transducer-Based Speech Recognition12 May 2023
- 2023TinyML: Tools, Applications, Challenges, and Future Research Directions23 Mar 2023
- 2022Engineering the Neural Automatic Passenger Counter2 Mar 2022
- 2021ML-EXray: Visibility into ML Deployment on the Edge8 Nov 2021
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2022Training Integer-Only Deep Recurrent Neural Networks
- 2021Integer-Only Neural Network Quantization Scheme Based on Shift-Batch-Normalization
- 2025Low-bit Model Quantization for Deep Neural Networks: A Survey
- 2021A Survey of Quantization Methods for Efficient Neural Network Inference
- 2022A simple approach for quantizing neural networks
- 2021A White Paper on Neural Network Quantization
- 2021iRNN: Integer-only Recurrent Neural Network
- 2024Quantized Approximately Orthogonal Recurrent Neural Networks