Personalized Speech recognition on mobile devices
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Abstract (arXiv)
We describe a large vocabulary speech recognition system that is accurate, has low latency, and yet has a small enough memory and computational footprint to run faster than real-time on a Nexus 5 Android smartphone. We employ a quantized Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) acoustic model trained with connectionist temporal classification (CTC) to directly predict phoneme targets, and further reduce its memory footprint using an SVD-based compression scheme. Additionally, we minimize our memory footprint by using a single language model for both dictation and voice command domains, constructed using Bayesian interpolation. Finally, in order to properly handle device-specific information, such as proper names and other context-dependent information, we inject vocabulary items into the decoder graph and bias the language model on-the-fly. Our system achieves 13.5% word error rate on an open-ended dictation task, running with a median speed that is seven times faster than real-time.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Mar 2016.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 5; 2023: 2; 2024: 5; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
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- 2021Federated Evaluation and Tuning for On-Device Personalization: System Design & Applicationscited by 84
- 2021Personalization Strategies for End-to-End Speech Recognition Systemscited by 26
- 2021Fast Contextual Adaptation with Neural Associative Memory for On-Device Personalized Speech Recognitioncited by 25
- 2021Dynamic Encoder Transducer: A Flexible Solution For Trading Off Accuracy For Latencycited by 9
- 2021Teaching keyword spotters to spot new keywords with limited examplescited by 9
- 2023Backdoor Attacks in Peer-to-Peer Federated Learningcited by 9
- 2021On the quantization of recurrent neural networkscited by 7
- 2021Memory-efficient Speech Recognition on Smart Devicescited by 7
- 2024Deferred NAM: Low-latency Top-K Context Injection via Deferred Context Encoding for Non-Streaming ASRcited by 5
- 2023Speech Understanding on Tiny Devices with A Learning Cachecited by 3
- 2024Text Injection for Neural Contextual Biasingcited by 3
- 2024Full-Rank No More: Low-Rank Weight Training for Modern Speech Recognition Modelscited by 3
11 more
- 2024Deep CLAS: Deep Contextual Listen, Attend and Spellcited by 2
- 2021Towards Continual Entity Learning in Language Models for Conversational Agentscited by 1
- 2022Implementation Of Tiny Machine Learning Models On Arduino 33 BLE For Gesture And Speech Recognitioncited by 1
- 2022An Experimental Study on Private Aggregation of Teacher Ensemble Learning for End-to-End Speech Recognitioncited by 1
- 2024Enhancing Quantum Security over Federated Learning via Post-Quantum Cryptographycited by 1
- 2025PMF-CEC: Phoneme-augmented Multimodal Fusion for Context-aware ASR Error Correction with Error-specific Selective Decodingcited by 1
- 2021Adversarially Robust and Explainable Model Compression with On-Device Personalization for Text Classificationcited by 0
- 2022Handling Compounding in Mobile Keyboard Inputcited by 0
- 2022Deep learning model compression using network sensitivity and gradientscited by 0
- 2022Towards Personalization of CTC Speech Recognition Models with Contextual Adapters and Adaptive Boostingcited by 0
- 2026Not All Speech Is Intent: Adaptive Self-Correcting Inference Layer for Post-ASR False Wake-Upcited by 0
- 2026Not All Speech Is Intent: Adaptive Self-Correcting Inference Layer for Post-ASR False Wake-Up11 Sep 2026
- 2025PMF-CEC: Phoneme-augmented Multimodal Fusion for Context-aware ASR Error Correction with Error-specific Selective Decoding31 May 2025
- 2024Full-Rank No More: Low-Rank Weight Training for Modern Speech Recognition Models10 Oct 2024
- 2024Deep CLAS: Deep Contextual Listen, Attend and Spell26 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing Quantum Security over Federated Learning via Post-Quantum Cryptography6 Sep 2024
- 2024Text Injection for Neural Contextual Biasing5 Jun 2024
- 2024Deferred NAM: Low-latency Top-K Context Injection via Deferred Context Encoding for Non-Streaming ASR15 Apr 2024
- 2023Speech Understanding on Tiny Devices with A Learning Cache30 Nov 2023
- 2023Backdoor Attacks in Peer-to-Peer Federated Learning23 Jan 2023
- 2022Towards Personalization of CTC Speech Recognition Models with Contextual Adapters and Adaptive Boosting18 Oct 2022
- 2022An Experimental Study on Private Aggregation of Teacher Ensemble Learning for End-to-End Speech Recognition11 Oct 2022
- 2022Deep learning model compression using network sensitivity and gradients11 Oct 2022
11 more
- 2022Implementation Of Tiny Machine Learning Models On Arduino 33 BLE For Gesture And Speech Recognition23 Jul 2022
- 2022Handling Compounding in Mobile Keyboard Input17 Jan 2022
- 2021Fast Contextual Adaptation with Neural Associative Memory for On-Device Personalized Speech Recognition5 Oct 2021
- 2021Towards Continual Entity Learning in Language Models for Conversational Agents30 Jul 2021
- 2021Teaching keyword spotters to spot new keywords with limited examples4 Jun 2021
- 2021Dynamic Encoder Transducer: A Flexible Solution For Trading Off Accuracy For Latency5 Apr 2021
- 2021Memory-efficient Speech Recognition on Smart Devices23 Feb 2021
- 2021Federated Evaluation and Tuning for On-Device Personalization: System Design & Applications16 Feb 2021
- 2021Personalization Strategies for End-to-End Speech Recognition Systems15 Feb 2021
- 2021On the quantization of recurrent neural networks14 Jan 2021
- 2021Adversarially Robust and Explainable Model Compression with On-Device Personalization for Text Classification10 Jan 2021
- 2021Federated Evaluation and Tuning for On-Device Personalization: System Design & Applicationscited by 84
- 2021Personalization Strategies for End-to-End Speech Recognition Systemscited by 26
- 2021Fast Contextual Adaptation with Neural Associative Memory for On-Device Personalized Speech Recognitioncited by 25
- 2021Dynamic Encoder Transducer: A Flexible Solution For Trading Off Accuracy For Latencycited by 9
- 2021Teaching keyword spotters to spot new keywords with limited examplescited by 9
- 2023Backdoor Attacks in Peer-to-Peer Federated Learningcited by 9
- 2021On the quantization of recurrent neural networkscited by 7
- 2021Memory-efficient Speech Recognition on Smart Devicescited by 7
- 2024Deferred NAM: Low-latency Top-K Context Injection via Deferred Context Encoding for Non-Streaming ASRcited by 5
- 2023Speech Understanding on Tiny Devices with A Learning Cachecited by 3
- 2024Text Injection for Neural Contextual Biasingcited by 3
- 2024Full-Rank No More: Low-Rank Weight Training for Modern Speech Recognition Modelscited by 3
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026Not All Speech Is Intent: Adaptive Self-Correcting Inference Layer for Post-ASR False Wake-Up11 Sep 2026
- 2025PMF-CEC: Phoneme-augmented Multimodal Fusion for Context-aware ASR Error Correction with Error-specific Selective Decoding31 May 2025
- 2024Full-Rank No More: Low-Rank Weight Training for Modern Speech Recognition Models10 Oct 2024
- 2024Deep CLAS: Deep Contextual Listen, Attend and Spell26 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing Quantum Security over Federated Learning via Post-Quantum Cryptography6 Sep 2024
- 2024Text Injection for Neural Contextual Biasing5 Jun 2024
- 2024Deferred NAM: Low-latency Top-K Context Injection via Deferred Context Encoding for Non-Streaming ASR15 Apr 2024
- 2023Speech Understanding on Tiny Devices with A Learning Cache30 Nov 2023
- 2023Backdoor Attacks in Peer-to-Peer Federated Learning23 Jan 2023
- 2022Towards Personalization of CTC Speech Recognition Models with Contextual Adapters and Adaptive Boosting18 Oct 2022
- 2022An Experimental Study on Private Aggregation of Teacher Ensemble Learning for End-to-End Speech Recognition11 Oct 2022
- 2022Deep learning model compression using network sensitivity and gradients11 Oct 2022
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)