Driving Behavior Explanation with Multi-level Fusion
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Abstract (arXiv)
In this era of active development of autonomous vehicles, it becomes crucial to provide driving systems with the capacity to explain their decisions. In this work, we focus on generating high-level driving explanations as the vehicle drives. We present BEEF, for BEhavior Explanation with Fusion, a deep architecture which explains the behavior of a trajectory prediction model. Supervised by annotations of human driving decisions justifications, BEEF learns to fuse features from multiple levels. Leveraging recent advances in the multi-modal fusion literature, BEEF is carefully designed to model the correlations between high-level decisions features and mid-level perceptual features. The flexibility and efficiency of our approach are validated with extensive experiments on the HDD and BDD-X datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 1; 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 1.
12 papers.
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
- 2021Explainability of deep vision-based autonomous driving systems: Review and challengescited by 80
- 2021Explanations in Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 80
- 2021Action Transformer: A Self-Attention Model for Short-Time Pose-Based Human Action Recognitioncited by 24
- 2023Explaining Autonomous Driving Actions with Visual Question Answeringcited by 16
- 2024IDD-X: A Multi-View Dataset for Ego-relative Important Object Localization and Explanation in Dense and Unstructured Trafficcited by 13
- 2022Under the Hood of Transformer Networks for Trajectory Forecastingcited by 8
- 2024Safety Implications of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 7
- 2024Advancing Explainable Autonomous Vehicle Systems: A Comprehensive Review and Research Roadmapcited by 6
- 2024Improving Explainable Object-induced Model through Uncertainty for Automated Vehiclescited by 4
- 2025The Case for Negative Data: From Crash Reports to Counterfactuals for Reasonable Drivingcited by 3
- 2023Knowledge-Based Counterfactual Queries for Visual Question Answeringcited by 0
- 2025The Case for Negative Data: From Crash Reports to Counterfactuals for Reasonable Driving23 Sep 2025
- 2024IDD-X: A Multi-View Dataset for Ego-relative Important Object Localization and Explanation in Dense and Unstructured Traffic12 Apr 2024
- 2024Advancing Explainable Autonomous Vehicle Systems: A Comprehensive Review and Research Roadmap19 Mar 2024
- 2024Safety Implications of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in End-to-End Autonomous Driving18 Mar 2024
- 2024Improving Explainable Object-induced Model through Uncertainty for Automated Vehicles23 Feb 2024
- 2023Explaining Autonomous Driving Actions with Visual Question Answering19 Jul 2023
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers29 Jun 2023
- 2023Knowledge-Based Counterfactual Queries for Visual Question Answering5 Mar 2023
- 2022Under the Hood of Transformer Networks for Trajectory Forecasting22 Mar 2022
- 2021Action Transformer: A Self-Attention Model for Short-Time Pose-Based Human Action Recognition1 Jul 2021
- 2021Explanations in Autonomous Driving: A Survey9 Mar 2021
- 2021Explainability of deep vision-based autonomous driving systems: Review and challenges13 Jan 2021