Recurrence-free unconstrained handwritten text recognition using gated fully convolutional network
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Abstract (arXiv)
Unconstrained handwritten text recognition is a major step in most document analysis tasks. This is generally processed by deep recurrent neural networks and more specifically with the use of Long Short-Term Memory cells. The main drawbacks of these components are the large number of parameters involved and their sequential execution during training and prediction. One alternative solution to using LSTM cells is to compensate the long time memory loss with an heavy use of convolutional layers whose operations can be executed in parallel and which imply fewer parameters. In this paper we present a Gated Fully Convolutional Network architecture that is a recurrence-free alternative to the well-known CNN+LSTM architectures. Our model is trained with the CTC loss and shows competitive results on both the RIMES and IAM datasets. We release all code to enable reproduction of our experiments: https://github.com/FactoDeepLearning/LinePytorchOCR.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
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- 2022DAN: a Segmentation-free Document Attention Network for Handwritten Document Recognitioncited by 62
- 2024HTR-VT: Handwritten Text Recognition with Vision Transformercited by 24
- 2021SPAN: a Simple Predict & Align Network for Handwritten Paragraph Recognitioncited by 19
- 2022The LAM Dataset: A Novel Benchmark for Line-Level Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 16
- 2022Boosting Modern and Historical Handwritten Text Recognition with Deformable Convolutionscited by 14
- 2023How to Choose Pretrained Handwriting Recognition Models for Single Writer Fine-Tuningcited by 13
- 2023Faster DAN: Multi-target Queries with Document Positional Encoding for End-to-end Handwritten Document Recognitioncited by 9
- 2024DANIEL: A fast Document Attention Network for Information Extraction and Labelling of handwritten documentscited by 9
- 2024Qalam : A Multimodal LLM for Arabic Optical Character and Handwriting Recognitioncited by 7
- 2022Easter2.0: Improving convolutional models for handwritten text recognitioncited by 6
- 2022Searching a High-Performance Feature Extractor for Text Recognition Networkcited by 4
- 2025Meta-DAN: towards an efficient prediction strategy for page-level handwritten text recognitioncited by 3
11 more
- 2021StackMix and Blot Augmentations for Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 2
- 2021CALText: Contextual Attention Localization for Offline Handwritten Textcited by 2
- 2025Quo Vadis Handwritten Text Generation for Handwritten Text Recognition?cited by 2
- 2021Handwritten text generation and strikethrough characters augmentationcited by 1
- 2023Combining OCR Models for Reading Early Modern Printed Bookscited by 1
- 2025HTR-ConvText: Leveraging Convolution and Textual Information for Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 1
- 2026Understanding Cross-Language Transfer Improvements in Low-Resource HTR: The Role of Sequence Modelingcited by 1
- 2022Towards Robust Handwritten Text Recognition with On-the-fly User Participationcited by 0
- 2023CSSL-MHTR: Continual Self-Supervised Learning for Scalable Multi-script Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 0
- 2024Boosting CNN-based Handwriting Recognition Systems with Learnable Relaxation Labelingcited by 0
- 2026N-gram Injection into Transformers for Dynamic Language Model Adaptation in Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026Understanding Cross-Language Transfer Improvements in Low-Resource HTR: The Role of Sequence Modeling7 May 2026
- 2026N-gram Injection into Transformers for Dynamic Language Model Adaptation in Handwritten Text Recognition4 Mar 2026
- 2025HTR-ConvText: Leveraging Convolution and Textual Information for Handwritten Text Recognition4 Dec 2025
- 2025Quo Vadis Handwritten Text Generation for Handwritten Text Recognition?13 Aug 2025
- 2025Meta-DAN: towards an efficient prediction strategy for page-level handwritten text recognition4 Apr 2025
- 2024HTR-VT: Handwritten Text Recognition with Vision Transformer13 Sep 2024
- 2024Boosting CNN-based Handwriting Recognition Systems with Learnable Relaxation Labeling9 Sep 2024
- 2024Qalam : A Multimodal LLM for Arabic Optical Character and Handwriting Recognition18 Jul 2024
- 2024DANIEL: A fast Document Attention Network for Information Extraction and Labelling of handwritten documents12 Jul 2024
- 2023Combining OCR Models for Reading Early Modern Printed Books11 May 2023
- 2023How to Choose Pretrained Handwriting Recognition Models for Single Writer Fine-Tuning4 May 2023
- 2023CSSL-MHTR: Continual Self-Supervised Learning for Scalable Multi-script Handwritten Text Recognition16 Mar 2023
11 more
- 2023Faster DAN: Multi-target Queries with Document Positional Encoding for End-to-end Handwritten Document Recognition25 Jan 2023
- 2022Towards Robust Handwritten Text Recognition with On-the-fly User Participation17 Dec 2022
- 2022Searching a High-Performance Feature Extractor for Text Recognition Network27 Sep 2022
- 2022Boosting Modern and Historical Handwritten Text Recognition with Deformable Convolutions17 Aug 2022
- 2022The LAM Dataset: A Novel Benchmark for Line-Level Handwritten Text Recognition16 Aug 2022
- 2022Easter2.0: Improving convolutional models for handwritten text recognition30 May 2022
- 2022DAN: a Segmentation-free Document Attention Network for Handwritten Document Recognition23 Mar 2022
- 2021Handwritten text generation and strikethrough characters augmentation14 Dec 2021
- 2021CALText: Contextual Attention Localization for Offline Handwritten Text6 Nov 2021
- 2021StackMix and Blot Augmentations for Handwritten Text Recognition26 Aug 2021
- 2021SPAN: a Simple Predict & Align Network for Handwritten Paragraph Recognition17 Feb 2021
- 2022DAN: a Segmentation-free Document Attention Network for Handwritten Document Recognitioncited by 62
- 2024HTR-VT: Handwritten Text Recognition with Vision Transformercited by 24
- 2021SPAN: a Simple Predict & Align Network for Handwritten Paragraph Recognitioncited by 19
- 2022The LAM Dataset: A Novel Benchmark for Line-Level Handwritten Text Recognitioncited by 16
- 2022Boosting Modern and Historical Handwritten Text Recognition with Deformable Convolutionscited by 14
- 2023How to Choose Pretrained Handwriting Recognition Models for Single Writer Fine-Tuningcited by 13
- 2023Faster DAN: Multi-target Queries with Document Positional Encoding for End-to-end Handwritten Document Recognitioncited by 9
- 2024DANIEL: A fast Document Attention Network for Information Extraction and Labelling of handwritten documentscited by 9
- 2024Qalam : A Multimodal LLM for Arabic Optical Character and Handwriting Recognitioncited by 7
- 2022Easter2.0: Improving convolutional models for handwritten text recognitioncited by 6
- 2022Searching a High-Performance Feature Extractor for Text Recognition Networkcited by 4
- 2025Meta-DAN: towards an efficient prediction strategy for page-level handwritten text recognitioncited by 3
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026Understanding Cross-Language Transfer Improvements in Low-Resource HTR: The Role of Sequence Modeling7 May 2026
- 2026N-gram Injection into Transformers for Dynamic Language Model Adaptation in Handwritten Text Recognition4 Mar 2026
- 2025HTR-ConvText: Leveraging Convolution and Textual Information for Handwritten Text Recognition4 Dec 2025
- 2025Quo Vadis Handwritten Text Generation for Handwritten Text Recognition?13 Aug 2025
- 2025Meta-DAN: towards an efficient prediction strategy for page-level handwritten text recognition4 Apr 2025
- 2024HTR-VT: Handwritten Text Recognition with Vision Transformer13 Sep 2024
- 2024Boosting CNN-based Handwriting Recognition Systems with Learnable Relaxation Labeling9 Sep 2024
- 2024Qalam : A Multimodal LLM for Arabic Optical Character and Handwriting Recognition18 Jul 2024
- 2024DANIEL: A fast Document Attention Network for Information Extraction and Labelling of handwritten documents12 Jul 2024
- 2023Combining OCR Models for Reading Early Modern Printed Books11 May 2023
- 2023How to Choose Pretrained Handwriting Recognition Models for Single Writer Fine-Tuning4 May 2023
- 2023CSSL-MHTR: Continual Self-Supervised Learning for Scalable Multi-script Handwritten Text Recognition16 Mar 2023
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)