Multimodal Learning for Hateful Memes Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
Memes are used for spreading ideas through social networks. Although most memes are created for humor, some memes become hateful under the combination of pictures and text. Automatically detecting the hateful memes can help reduce their harmful social impact. Unlike the conventional multimodal tasks, where the visual and textual information is semantically aligned, the challenge of hateful memes detection lies in its unique multimodal information. The image and text in memes are weakly aligned or even irrelevant, which requires the model to understand the content and perform reasoning over multiple modalities. In this paper, we focus on multimodal hateful memes detection and propose a novel method that incorporates the image captioning process into the memes detection process. We conduct extensive experiments on multimodal meme datasets and illustrated the effectiveness of our approach. Our model achieves promising results on the Hateful Memes Detection Challenge.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 5; 2023: 6; 2024: 7; 2025: 5; 2026: 2.
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- 2021MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 85
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 77
- 2023Prompting for Multimodal Hateful Meme Classificationcited by 68
- 2022Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Surveycited by 58
- 2021Disentangling Hate in Online Memescited by 46
- 2023Pro-Cap: Leveraging a Frozen Vision-Language Model for Hateful Meme Detectioncited by 45
- 2022On Explaining Multimodal Hateful Meme Detection Modelscited by 29
- 2024Towards Low-Resource Harmful Meme Detection with LMM Agentscited by 23
- 2022DISARM: Detecting the Victims Targeted by Harmful Memescited by 20
- 2022What do you MEME? Generating Explanations for Visual Semantic Role Labelling in Memescited by 18
- 2024Towards Explainable Harmful Meme Detection through Multimodal Debate between Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2023Characterizing the Entities in Harmful Memes: Who is the Hero, the Villain, the Victim?cited by 14
17 more
- 2025MIND: A Multi-agent Framework for Zero-shot Harmful Meme Detectioncited by 14
- 2021Memes in the Wild: Assessing the Generalizability of the Hateful Memes Challenge Datasetcited by 13
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicitiescited by 13
- 2024MemeMQA: Multimodal Question Answering for Memes via Rationale-Based Inferencingcited by 12
- 2023MEMEX: Detecting Explanatory Evidence for Memes via Knowledge-Enriched Contextualizationcited by 11
- 2024Deciphering Hate: Identifying Hateful Memes and Their Targetscited by 7
- 2025D-HUMOR: Dark Humor Understanding via Multimodal Open-ended Reasoning -- A Benchmark Dataset and Methodcited by 7
- 2023MemeFier: Dual-stage Modality Fusion for Image Meme Classificationcited by 6
- 2022MemeTector: Enforcing deep focus for meme detectioncited by 4
- 2024SAFE-MEME: Structured Reasoning Framework for Robust Hate Speech Detection in Memescited by 4
- 2023TOT: Topology-Aware Optimal Transport For Multimodal Hate Detectioncited by 2
- 2025Representation Decomposition for Learning Similarity and Contrastness Across Modalities for Affective Computingcited by 2
- 2026Robust Harmful Meme Detection under Missing Modalities via Shared Representation Learningcited by 2
- 2024Prompt-enhanced Network for Hateful Meme Classificationcited by 1
- 2025Decoding Memes: Benchmarking Narrative Role Classification across Multilingual and Multimodal Modelscited by 0
- 2025Unpacking Hateful Memes: Presupposed Context and False Claimscited by 0
- 2026Detecting Hate and Inflammatory Content in Bengali Memes: A New Multimodal Dataset and Co-Attention Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026Detecting Hate and Inflammatory Content in Bengali Memes: A New Multimodal Dataset and Co-Attention Framework25 Feb 2026
- 2026Robust Harmful Meme Detection under Missing Modalities via Shared Representation Learning1 Feb 2026
- 2025Unpacking Hateful Memes: Presupposed Context and False Claims11 Oct 2025
- 2025D-HUMOR: Dark Humor Understanding via Multimodal Open-ended Reasoning -- A Benchmark Dataset and Method8 Sep 2025
- 2025MIND: A Multi-agent Framework for Zero-shot Harmful Meme Detection9 Jul 2025
- 2025Decoding Memes: Benchmarking Narrative Role Classification across Multilingual and Multimodal Models29 Jun 2025
- 2025Representation Decomposition for Learning Similarity and Contrastness Across Modalities for Affective Computing8 Jun 2025
- 2024SAFE-MEME: Structured Reasoning Framework for Robust Hate Speech Detection in Memes29 Dec 2024
- 2024Prompt-enhanced Network for Hateful Meme Classification12 Nov 2024
- 2024Towards Low-Resource Harmful Meme Detection with LMM Agents8 Nov 2024
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicities11 Jun 2024
- 2024MemeMQA: Multimodal Question Answering for Memes via Rationale-Based Inferencing18 May 2024
17 more
- 2024Deciphering Hate: Identifying Hateful Memes and Their Targets16 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Explainable Harmful Meme Detection through Multimodal Debate between Large Language Models24 Jan 2024
- 2023Pro-Cap: Leveraging a Frozen Vision-Language Model for Hateful Meme Detection16 Aug 2023
- 2023MEMEX: Detecting Explanatory Evidence for Memes via Knowledge-Enriched Contextualization25 May 2023
- 2023MemeFier: Dual-stage Modality Fusion for Image Meme Classification6 Apr 2023
- 2023TOT: Topology-Aware Optimal Transport For Multimodal Hate Detection27 Feb 2023
- 2023Prompting for Multimodal Hateful Meme Classification8 Feb 2023
- 2023Characterizing the Entities in Harmful Memes: Who is the Hero, the Villain, the Victim?26 Jan 2023
- 2022What do you MEME? Generating Explanations for Visual Semantic Role Labelling in Memes1 Dec 2022
- 2022MemeTector: Enforcing deep focus for meme detection26 May 2022
- 2022DISARM: Detecting the Victims Targeted by Harmful Memes11 May 2022
- 2022Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Survey9 May 2022
- 2022On Explaining Multimodal Hateful Meme Detection Models4 Apr 2022
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targets24 Sep 2021
- 2021MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targets11 Sep 2021
- 2021Disentangling Hate in Online Memes9 Aug 2021
- 2021Memes in the Wild: Assessing the Generalizability of the Hateful Memes Challenge Dataset9 Jul 2021
- 2021MOMENTA: A Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 85
- 2021Detecting Harmful Memes and Their Targetscited by 77
- 2023Prompting for Multimodal Hateful Meme Classificationcited by 68
- 2022Detecting and Understanding Harmful Memes: A Surveycited by 58
- 2021Disentangling Hate in Online Memescited by 46
- 2022On Explaining Multimodal Hateful Meme Detection Modelscited by 29
- 2024Towards Low-Resource Harmful Meme Detection with LMM Agentscited by 23
- 2022DISARM: Detecting the Victims Targeted by Harmful Memescited by 20
- 2022What do you MEME? Generating Explanations for Visual Semantic Role Labelling in Memescited by 18
- 2024Towards Explainable Harmful Meme Detection through Multimodal Debate between Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2023Characterizing the Entities in Harmful Memes: Who is the Hero, the Villain, the Victim?cited by 14
- 2021Memes in the Wild: Assessing the Generalizability of the Hateful Memes Challenge Datasetcited by 13
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026Detecting Hate and Inflammatory Content in Bengali Memes: A New Multimodal Dataset and Co-Attention Framework25 Feb 2026
- 2026Robust Harmful Meme Detection under Missing Modalities via Shared Representation Learning1 Feb 2026
- 2025Unpacking Hateful Memes: Presupposed Context and False Claims11 Oct 2025
- 2025Decoding Memes: Benchmarking Narrative Role Classification across Multilingual and Multimodal Models29 Jun 2025
- 2025Representation Decomposition for Learning Similarity and Contrastness Across Modalities for Affective Computing8 Jun 2025
- 2024SAFE-MEME: Structured Reasoning Framework for Robust Hate Speech Detection in Memes29 Dec 2024
- 2024Prompt-enhanced Network for Hateful Meme Classification12 Nov 2024
- 2024Towards Low-Resource Harmful Meme Detection with LMM Agents8 Nov 2024
- 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicities11 Jun 2024
- 2024MemeMQA: Multimodal Question Answering for Memes via Rationale-Based Inferencing18 May 2024
- 2024Deciphering Hate: Identifying Hateful Memes and Their Targets16 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Explainable Harmful Meme Detection through Multimodal Debate between Large Language Models24 Jan 2024
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)