Towards Accurate and Reliable Energy Measurement of NLP Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Accurate and reliable measurement of energy consumption is critical for making well-informed design choices when choosing and training large scale NLP models. In this work, we show that existing software-based energy measurements are not accurate because they do not take into account hardware differences and how resource utilization affects energy consumption. We conduct energy measurement experiments with four different models for a question answering task. We quantify the error of existing software-based energy measurements by using a hardware power meter that provides highly accurate energy measurements. Our key takeaway is the need for a more accurate energy estimation model that takes into account hardware variabilities and the non-linear relationship between resource utilization and energy consumption. We release the code and data at https://github.com/csarron/sustainlp2020-energy.
Key facts. Cited by 16 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 3; 2023: 7; 2024: 2; 2025: 2.
16 papers.
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- 2022Zeus: Understanding and Optimizing GPU Energy Consumption of DNN Trainingcited by 78
- 2022Efficient Methods for Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 78
- 2023A Systematic Review of Green AIcited by 77
- 2021IrEne: Interpretable Energy Prediction for Transformerscited by 11
- 2025Towards Sustainable NLP: Insights from Benchmarking Inference Energy in Large Language Modelscited by 11
- 2021Dissecting FLOPs along input dimensions for GreenAI cost estimationscited by 10
- 2022Bridging Fairness and Environmental Sustainability in Natural Language Processingcited by 5
- 2023Counter-GAP: Counterfactual Bias Evaluation through Gendered Ambiguous Pronounscited by 5
- 2023PolyThrottle: Energy-efficient Neural Network Inference on Edge Devicescited by 5
- 2024Panacea: Novel DNN Accelerator using Accuracy-Preserving Asymmetric Quantization and Energy-Saving Bit-Slice Sparsitycited by 5
- 2023EPAM: A Predictive Energy Model for Mobile AIcited by 4
- 2023Estimating Deep Learning energy consumption based on model architecture and training environmentcited by 4
4 more
- 2024An exploration of the effect of quantisation on energy consumption and inference time of StarCoder2cited by 4
- 2023NL2CMD: An Updated Workflow for Natural Language to Bash Commands Translationcited by 3
- 2023Cheaply Evaluating Inference Efficiency Metrics for Autoregressive Transformer APIscited by 3
- 2025Phoeni6: a Systematic Approach for Evaluating the Energy Consumption of Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2025Phoeni6: a Systematic Approach for Evaluating the Energy Consumption of Neural Networks25 Feb 2025
- 2025Towards Sustainable NLP: Insights from Benchmarking Inference Energy in Large Language Models8 Feb 2025
- 2024Panacea: Novel DNN Accelerator using Accuracy-Preserving Asymmetric Quantization and Energy-Saving Bit-Slice Sparsity13 Dec 2024
- 2024An exploration of the effect of quantisation on energy consumption and inference time of StarCoder215 Nov 2024
- 2023PolyThrottle: Energy-efficient Neural Network Inference on Edge Devices30 Oct 2023
- 2023Estimating Deep Learning energy consumption based on model architecture and training environment7 Jul 2023
- 2023Cheaply Evaluating Inference Efficiency Metrics for Autoregressive Transformer APIs3 May 2023
- 2023EPAM: A Predictive Energy Model for Mobile AI2 Mar 2023
- 2023NL2CMD: An Updated Workflow for Natural Language to Bash Commands Translation15 Feb 2023
- 2023Counter-GAP: Counterfactual Bias Evaluation through Gendered Ambiguous Pronouns11 Feb 2023
- 2023A Systematic Review of Green AI26 Jan 2023
- 2022Bridging Fairness and Environmental Sustainability in Natural Language Processing8 Nov 2022
4 more
- 2022Efficient Methods for Natural Language Processing: A Survey31 Aug 2022
- 2022Zeus: Understanding and Optimizing GPU Energy Consumption of DNN Training12 Aug 2022
- 2021Dissecting FLOPs along input dimensions for GreenAI cost estimations26 Jul 2021
- 2021IrEne: Interpretable Energy Prediction for Transformers2 Jun 2021
- 2022Zeus: Understanding and Optimizing GPU Energy Consumption of DNN Trainingcited by 78
- 2022Efficient Methods for Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 78
- 2023A Systematic Review of Green AIcited by 77
- 2021IrEne: Interpretable Energy Prediction for Transformerscited by 11
- 2025Towards Sustainable NLP: Insights from Benchmarking Inference Energy in Large Language Modelscited by 11
- 2021Dissecting FLOPs along input dimensions for GreenAI cost estimationscited by 10
- 2022Bridging Fairness and Environmental Sustainability in Natural Language Processingcited by 5
- 2023Counter-GAP: Counterfactual Bias Evaluation through Gendered Ambiguous Pronounscited by 5
- 2023PolyThrottle: Energy-efficient Neural Network Inference on Edge Devicescited by 5
- 2024Panacea: Novel DNN Accelerator using Accuracy-Preserving Asymmetric Quantization and Energy-Saving Bit-Slice Sparsitycited by 5
- 2023EPAM: A Predictive Energy Model for Mobile AIcited by 4
- 2023Estimating Deep Learning energy consumption based on model architecture and training environmentcited by 4
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2025Phoeni6: a Systematic Approach for Evaluating the Energy Consumption of Neural Networks25 Feb 2025
- 2025Towards Sustainable NLP: Insights from Benchmarking Inference Energy in Large Language Models8 Feb 2025
- 2024Panacea: Novel DNN Accelerator using Accuracy-Preserving Asymmetric Quantization and Energy-Saving Bit-Slice Sparsity13 Dec 2024
- 2024An exploration of the effect of quantisation on energy consumption and inference time of StarCoder215 Nov 2024
- 2023PolyThrottle: Energy-efficient Neural Network Inference on Edge Devices30 Oct 2023
- 2023Estimating Deep Learning energy consumption based on model architecture and training environment7 Jul 2023
- 2023Cheaply Evaluating Inference Efficiency Metrics for Autoregressive Transformer APIs3 May 2023
- 2023EPAM: A Predictive Energy Model for Mobile AI2 Mar 2023
- 2023NL2CMD: An Updated Workflow for Natural Language to Bash Commands Translation15 Feb 2023
- 2023Counter-GAP: Counterfactual Bias Evaluation through Gendered Ambiguous Pronouns11 Feb 2023
- 2023A Systematic Review of Green AI26 Jan 2023
- 2022Bridging Fairness and Environmental Sustainability in Natural Language Processing8 Nov 2022
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)