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Seeing wake words: Audio-visual Keyword Spotting

arXiv 2009.01225 ↗First posted 2 Sep 2020cs.CV eess.AScited by 22

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Abstract (arXiv)

The goal of this work is to automatically determine whether and when a word of interest is spoken by a talking face, with or without the audio. We propose a zero-shot method suitable for in the wild videos. Our key contributions are: (1) a novel convolutional architecture, KWS-Net, that uses a similarity map intermediate representation to separate the task into (i) sequence matching, and (ii) pattern detection, to decide whether the word is there and when; (2) we demonstrate that if audio is available, visual keyword spotting improves the performance both for a clean and noisy audio signal. Finally, (3) we show that our method generalises to other languages, specifically French and German, and achieves a comparable performance to English with less language specific data, by fine-tuning the network pre-trained on English. The method exceeds the performance of the previous state-of-the-art visual keyword spotting architecture when trained and tested on the same benchmark, and also that of a state-of-the-art lip reading method.

Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Sep 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 8; 2023: 5; 2024: 0; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.

22 papers.

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  1. 2021Sub-word Level Lip Reading With Visual Attentioncited by 60
  2. 2021Deep Spoken Keyword Spotting: An Overviewcited by 43
  3. 2021Read and Attend: Temporal Localisation in Sign Language Videoscited by 34
  4. 2021BBC-Oxford British Sign Language Datasetcited by 27
  5. 2022Audio-visual Generalised Zero-shot Learning with Cross-modal Attention and Languagecited by 27
  6. 2022Sign Language Video Retrieval with Free-Form Textual Queriescited by 21
  7. 2022Learning Audio-Text Agreement for Open-vocabulary Keyword Spottingcited by 20
  8. 2022Automatic dense annotation of large-vocabulary sign language videoscited by 20
  9. 2023MixSpeech: Cross-Modality Self-Learning with Audio-Visual Stream Mixup for Visual Speech Translation and Recognitioncited by 14
  10. 2022Scaling up sign spotting through sign language dictionariescited by 12
  11. 2021Visual Keyword Spotting with Attentioncited by 11
  12. 2023Contrastive Learning-Based Audio to Lyrics Alignment for Multiple Languagescited by 11
10 more
  1. 2022Weakly-supervised Fingerspelling Recognition in British Sign Language Videoscited by 10
  2. 2025VGGSounder: Audio-Visual Evaluations for Foundation Modelscited by 8
  3. 2025AlignDiT: Multimodal Aligned Diffusion Transformer for Synchronized Speech Generationcited by 6
  4. 2022Searching for fingerspelled content in American Sign Languagecited by 5
  5. 2023A Multitask Training Approach to Enhance Whisper with Contextual Biasing and Open-Vocabulary Keyword Spottingcited by 5
  6. 2023Deep Visual Forced Alignment: Learning to Align Transcription with Talking Face Videocited by 4
  7. 2023Toward American Sign Language Processing in the Real World: Data, Tasks, and Methodscited by 1
  8. 2022A Study of Designing Compact Audio-Visual Wake Word Spotting System Based on Iterative Fine-Tuning in Neural Network Pruningcited by 0
  9. 2025Enhancing Visual Forced Alignment with Local Context-Aware Feature Extraction and Multi-Task Learningcited by 0
  10. 2026SignMatch: Matching Dictionary Signs to Continuous Sign Language Videocited by 0