Seeing wake words: Audio-visual Keyword Spotting
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Abstract (arXiv)
The goal of this work is to automatically determine whether and when a word of interest is spoken by a talking face, with or without the audio. We propose a zero-shot method suitable for in the wild videos. Our key contributions are: (1) a novel convolutional architecture, KWS-Net, that uses a similarity map intermediate representation to separate the task into (i) sequence matching, and (ii) pattern detection, to decide whether the word is there and when; (2) we demonstrate that if audio is available, visual keyword spotting improves the performance both for a clean and noisy audio signal. Finally, (3) we show that our method generalises to other languages, specifically French and German, and achieves a comparable performance to English with less language specific data, by fine-tuning the network pre-trained on English. The method exceeds the performance of the previous state-of-the-art visual keyword spotting architecture when trained and tested on the same benchmark, and also that of a state-of-the-art lip reading method.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Sep 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 8; 2023: 5; 2024: 0; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
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- 2021Sub-word Level Lip Reading With Visual Attentioncited by 60
- 2021Deep Spoken Keyword Spotting: An Overviewcited by 43
- 2021Read and Attend: Temporal Localisation in Sign Language Videoscited by 34
- 2021BBC-Oxford British Sign Language Datasetcited by 27
- 2022Audio-visual Generalised Zero-shot Learning with Cross-modal Attention and Languagecited by 27
- 2022Sign Language Video Retrieval with Free-Form Textual Queriescited by 21
- 2022Learning Audio-Text Agreement for Open-vocabulary Keyword Spottingcited by 20
- 2022Automatic dense annotation of large-vocabulary sign language videoscited by 20
- 2023MixSpeech: Cross-Modality Self-Learning with Audio-Visual Stream Mixup for Visual Speech Translation and Recognitioncited by 14
- 2022Scaling up sign spotting through sign language dictionariescited by 12
- 2021Visual Keyword Spotting with Attentioncited by 11
- 2023Contrastive Learning-Based Audio to Lyrics Alignment for Multiple Languagescited by 11
10 more
- 2022Weakly-supervised Fingerspelling Recognition in British Sign Language Videoscited by 10
- 2025VGGSounder: Audio-Visual Evaluations for Foundation Modelscited by 8
- 2025AlignDiT: Multimodal Aligned Diffusion Transformer for Synchronized Speech Generationcited by 6
- 2022Searching for fingerspelled content in American Sign Languagecited by 5
- 2023A Multitask Training Approach to Enhance Whisper with Contextual Biasing and Open-Vocabulary Keyword Spottingcited by 5
- 2023Deep Visual Forced Alignment: Learning to Align Transcription with Talking Face Videocited by 4
- 2023Toward American Sign Language Processing in the Real World: Data, Tasks, and Methodscited by 1
- 2022A Study of Designing Compact Audio-Visual Wake Word Spotting System Based on Iterative Fine-Tuning in Neural Network Pruningcited by 0
- 2025Enhancing Visual Forced Alignment with Local Context-Aware Feature Extraction and Multi-Task Learningcited by 0
- 2026SignMatch: Matching Dictionary Signs to Continuous Sign Language Videocited by 0
- 2026SignMatch: Matching Dictionary Signs to Continuous Sign Language Video1 Sep 2026
- 2025VGGSounder: Audio-Visual Evaluations for Foundation Models11 Aug 2025
- 2025AlignDiT: Multimodal Aligned Diffusion Transformer for Synchronized Speech Generation29 Apr 2025
- 2025Enhancing Visual Forced Alignment with Local Context-Aware Feature Extraction and Multi-Task Learning5 Mar 2025
- 2023A Multitask Training Approach to Enhance Whisper with Contextual Biasing and Open-Vocabulary Keyword Spotting18 Sep 2023
- 2023Toward American Sign Language Processing in the Real World: Data, Tasks, and Methods23 Aug 2023
- 2023Contrastive Learning-Based Audio to Lyrics Alignment for Multiple Languages13 Jun 2023
- 2023MixSpeech: Cross-Modality Self-Learning with Audio-Visual Stream Mixup for Visual Speech Translation and Recognition9 Mar 2023
- 2023Deep Visual Forced Alignment: Learning to Align Transcription with Talking Face Video27 Feb 2023
- 2022Weakly-supervised Fingerspelling Recognition in British Sign Language Videos16 Nov 2022
- 2022Automatic dense annotation of large-vocabulary sign language videos4 Aug 2022
- 2022Learning Audio-Text Agreement for Open-vocabulary Keyword Spotting30 Jun 2022
10 more
- 2022Scaling up sign spotting through sign language dictionaries9 May 2022
- 2022Searching for fingerspelled content in American Sign Language24 Mar 2022
- 2022Audio-visual Generalised Zero-shot Learning with Cross-modal Attention and Language7 Mar 2022
- 2022A Study of Designing Compact Audio-Visual Wake Word Spotting System Based on Iterative Fine-Tuning in Neural Network Pruning17 Feb 2022
- 2022Sign Language Video Retrieval with Free-Form Textual Queries7 Jan 2022
- 2021Deep Spoken Keyword Spotting: An Overview20 Nov 2021
- 2021BBC-Oxford British Sign Language Dataset5 Nov 2021
- 2021Visual Keyword Spotting with Attention29 Oct 2021
- 2021Sub-word Level Lip Reading With Visual Attention14 Oct 2021
- 2021Read and Attend: Temporal Localisation in Sign Language Videos30 Mar 2021
- 2021Sub-word Level Lip Reading With Visual Attentioncited by 60
- 2021Deep Spoken Keyword Spotting: An Overviewcited by 43
- 2021Read and Attend: Temporal Localisation in Sign Language Videoscited by 34
- 2021BBC-Oxford British Sign Language Datasetcited by 27
- 2022Audio-visual Generalised Zero-shot Learning with Cross-modal Attention and Languagecited by 27
- 2022Sign Language Video Retrieval with Free-Form Textual Queriescited by 21
- 2022Learning Audio-Text Agreement for Open-vocabulary Keyword Spottingcited by 20
- 2022Automatic dense annotation of large-vocabulary sign language videoscited by 20
- 2023MixSpeech: Cross-Modality Self-Learning with Audio-Visual Stream Mixup for Visual Speech Translation and Recognitioncited by 14
- 2022Scaling up sign spotting through sign language dictionariescited by 12
- 2021Visual Keyword Spotting with Attentioncited by 11
- 2023Contrastive Learning-Based Audio to Lyrics Alignment for Multiple Languagescited by 11
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026SignMatch: Matching Dictionary Signs to Continuous Sign Language Video1 Sep 2026
- 2025VGGSounder: Audio-Visual Evaluations for Foundation Models11 Aug 2025
- 2025Enhancing Visual Forced Alignment with Local Context-Aware Feature Extraction and Multi-Task Learning5 Mar 2025
- 2023A Multitask Training Approach to Enhance Whisper with Contextual Biasing and Open-Vocabulary Keyword Spotting18 Sep 2023
- 2023Toward American Sign Language Processing in the Real World: Data, Tasks, and Methods23 Aug 2023
- 2023Contrastive Learning-Based Audio to Lyrics Alignment for Multiple Languages13 Jun 2023
- 2023MixSpeech: Cross-Modality Self-Learning with Audio-Visual Stream Mixup for Visual Speech Translation and Recognition9 Mar 2023
- 2023Deep Visual Forced Alignment: Learning to Align Transcription with Talking Face Video27 Feb 2023
- 2022Weakly-supervised Fingerspelling Recognition in British Sign Language Videos16 Nov 2022
- 2022Automatic dense annotation of large-vocabulary sign language videos4 Aug 2022
- 2022Learning Audio-Text Agreement for Open-vocabulary Keyword Spotting30 Jun 2022
- 2022Scaling up sign spotting through sign language dictionaries9 May 2022
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)