Accurate Detection of Wake Word Start and End Using a CNN
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Abstract (arXiv)
Small footprint embedded devices require keyword spotters (KWS) with small model size and detection latency for enabling voice assistants. Such a keyword is often referred to as textitwake word as it is used to wake up voice assistant enabled devices. Together with wake word detection, accurate estimation of wake word endpoints (start and end) is an important task of KWS. In this paper, we propose two new methods for detecting the endpoints of wake words in neural KWS that use single-stage word-level neural networks. Our results show that the new techniques give superior accuracy for detecting wake words' endpoints of up to 50 msec standard error versus human annotations, on par with the conventional Acoustic Model plus HMM forced alignment. To our knowledge, this is the first study of wake word endpoints detection methods for single-stage neural KWS.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 5; 2023: 5; 2024: 7; 2025: 2.
24 papers.
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- 2021PQK: Model Compression via Pruning, Quantization, and Knowledge Distillationcited by 19
- 2022TC-SKNet with GridMask for Low-complexity Classification of Acoustic scenecited by 12
- 2025SELMA: A Speech-Enabled Language Model for Virtual Assistant Interactionscited by 6
- 2021Tiny-CRNN: Streaming Wakeword Detection In A Low Footprint Settingcited by 5
- 2023Multimodal Data and Resource Efficient Device-Directed Speech Detection with Large Foundation Modelscited by 5
- 2024A Multimodal Approach to Device-Directed Speech Detection with Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2021The NPU System for the 2020 Personalized Voice Trigger Challengecited by 2
- 2022Sub 8-Bit Quantization of Streaming Keyword Spotting Models for Embedded Chipsetscited by 2
- 2023Self-supervised Adaptive Pre-training of Multilingual Speech Models for Language and Dialect Identificationcited by 2
- 2022Latency Control for Keyword Spottingcited by 1
- 2021Signal Transformer: Complex-valued Attention and Meta-Learning for Signal Recognitioncited by 0
- 2021Audio Attacks and Defenses against AED Systems -- A Practical Studycited by 0
12 more
- 2022A Study of Designing Compact Audio-Visual Wake Word Spotting System Based on Iterative Fine-Tuning in Neural Network Pruningcited by 0
- 2022Wakeword Detection under Distribution Shiftscited by 0
- 2023Enhancing Multilingual Speech Recognition through Language Prompt Tuning and Frame-Level Language Adaptercited by 0
- 2023GMTR: Graph Matching Transformerscited by 0
- 2023DarkShot: Lighting Dark Images with Low-Compute and High-Qualitycited by 0
- 2024TRLS: A Time Series Representation Learning Framework via Spectrogram for Medical Signal Processingcited by 0
- 2024TEN-GUARD: Tensor Decomposition for Backdoor Attack Detection in Deep Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2024T-Pixel2Mesh: Combining Global and Local Transformer for 3D Mesh Generation from a Single Imagecited by 0
- 2024Strategic Arms with Side Communication Prevail Over Low-Regret MAB Algorithmscited by 0
- 2024Towards General Deepfake Detection with Dynamic Curriculumcited by 0
- 2024Attr-Int: A Simple and Effective Entity Alignment Framework for Heterogeneous Knowledge Graphscited by 0
- 2025Mask6D: Masked Pose Priors For 6D Object Pose Estimationcited by 0
- 2025Mask6D: Masked Pose Priors For 6D Object Pose Estimation9 Jul 2025
- 2025SELMA: A Speech-Enabled Language Model for Virtual Assistant Interactions31 Jan 2025
- 2024Attr-Int: A Simple and Effective Entity Alignment Framework for Heterogeneous Knowledge Graphs17 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards General Deepfake Detection with Dynamic Curriculum15 Oct 2024
- 2024Strategic Arms with Side Communication Prevail Over Low-Regret MAB Algorithms30 Aug 2024
- 2024A Multimodal Approach to Device-Directed Speech Detection with Large Language Models21 Mar 2024
- 2024T-Pixel2Mesh: Combining Global and Local Transformer for 3D Mesh Generation from a Single Image20 Mar 2024
- 2024TEN-GUARD: Tensor Decomposition for Backdoor Attack Detection in Deep Neural Networks6 Jan 2024
- 2024TRLS: A Time Series Representation Learning Framework via Spectrogram for Medical Signal Processing6 Jan 2024
- 2023DarkShot: Lighting Dark Images with Low-Compute and High-Quality28 Dec 2023
- 2023Self-supervised Adaptive Pre-training of Multilingual Speech Models for Language and Dialect Identification12 Dec 2023
- 2023Multimodal Data and Resource Efficient Device-Directed Speech Detection with Large Foundation Models6 Dec 2023
12 more
- 2023GMTR: Graph Matching Transformers14 Nov 2023
- 2023Enhancing Multilingual Speech Recognition through Language Prompt Tuning and Frame-Level Language Adapter18 Sep 2023
- 2022TC-SKNet with GridMask for Low-complexity Classification of Acoustic scene5 Oct 2022
- 2022Sub 8-Bit Quantization of Streaming Keyword Spotting Models for Embedded Chipsets13 Jul 2022
- 2022Wakeword Detection under Distribution Shifts13 Jul 2022
- 2022Latency Control for Keyword Spotting15 Jun 2022
- 2022A Study of Designing Compact Audio-Visual Wake Word Spotting System Based on Iterative Fine-Tuning in Neural Network Pruning17 Feb 2022
- 2021Tiny-CRNN: Streaming Wakeword Detection In A Low Footprint Setting29 Sep 2021
- 2021PQK: Model Compression via Pruning, Quantization, and Knowledge Distillation25 Jun 2021
- 2021Audio Attacks and Defenses against AED Systems -- A Practical Study14 Jun 2021
- 2021Signal Transformer: Complex-valued Attention and Meta-Learning for Signal Recognition5 Jun 2021
- 2021The NPU System for the 2020 Personalized Voice Trigger Challenge26 Feb 2021
- 2021PQK: Model Compression via Pruning, Quantization, and Knowledge Distillationcited by 19
- 2022TC-SKNet with GridMask for Low-complexity Classification of Acoustic scenecited by 12
- 2025SELMA: A Speech-Enabled Language Model for Virtual Assistant Interactionscited by 6
- 2021Tiny-CRNN: Streaming Wakeword Detection In A Low Footprint Settingcited by 5
- 2023Multimodal Data and Resource Efficient Device-Directed Speech Detection with Large Foundation Modelscited by 5
- 2024A Multimodal Approach to Device-Directed Speech Detection with Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2021The NPU System for the 2020 Personalized Voice Trigger Challengecited by 2
- 2022Sub 8-Bit Quantization of Streaming Keyword Spotting Models for Embedded Chipsetscited by 2
- 2023Self-supervised Adaptive Pre-training of Multilingual Speech Models for Language and Dialect Identificationcited by 2
- 2022Latency Control for Keyword Spottingcited by 1
- 2021Signal Transformer: Complex-valued Attention and Meta-Learning for Signal Recognitioncited by 0
- 2021Audio Attacks and Defenses against AED Systems -- A Practical Studycited by 0
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2025Mask6D: Masked Pose Priors For 6D Object Pose Estimation9 Jul 2025
- 2025SELMA: A Speech-Enabled Language Model for Virtual Assistant Interactions31 Jan 2025
- 2024Attr-Int: A Simple and Effective Entity Alignment Framework for Heterogeneous Knowledge Graphs17 Oct 2024
- 2024Towards General Deepfake Detection with Dynamic Curriculum15 Oct 2024
- 2024Strategic Arms with Side Communication Prevail Over Low-Regret MAB Algorithms30 Aug 2024
- 2024A Multimodal Approach to Device-Directed Speech Detection with Large Language Models21 Mar 2024
- 2024T-Pixel2Mesh: Combining Global and Local Transformer for 3D Mesh Generation from a Single Image20 Mar 2024
- 2024TEN-GUARD: Tensor Decomposition for Backdoor Attack Detection in Deep Neural Networks6 Jan 2024
- 2024TRLS: A Time Series Representation Learning Framework via Spectrogram for Medical Signal Processing6 Jan 2024
- 2023DarkShot: Lighting Dark Images with Low-Compute and High-Quality28 Dec 2023
- 2023Self-supervised Adaptive Pre-training of Multilingual Speech Models for Language and Dialect Identification12 Dec 2023
- 2023Multimodal Data and Resource Efficient Device-Directed Speech Detection with Large Foundation Models6 Dec 2023
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)