Improving Multispectral Pedestrian Detection by Addressing Modality Imbalance Problems
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Abstract (arXiv)
Multispectral pedestrian detection is capable of adapting to insufficient illumination conditions by leveraging color-thermal modalities. On the other hand, it is still lacking of in-depth insights on how to fuse the two modalities effectively. Compared with traditional pedestrian detection, we find multispectral pedestrian detection suffers from modality imbalance problems which will hinder the optimization process of dual-modality network and depress the performance of detector. Inspired by this observation, we propose Modality Balance Network (MBNet) which facilitates the optimization process in a much more flexible and balanced manner. Firstly, we design a novel Differential Modality Aware Fusion (DMAF) module to make the two modalities complement each other. Secondly, an illumination aware feature alignment module selects complementary features according to the illumination conditions and aligns the two modality features adaptively. Extensive experimental results demonstrate MBNet outperforms the state-of-the-arts on both the challenging KAIST and CVC-14 multispectral pedestrian datasets in terms of the accuracy and the computational efficiency. Code is available at https://github.com/CalayZhou/MBNet.
Key facts. Cited by 82 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Aug 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 3; 2023: 12; 2024: 21; 2025: 23; 2026: 17.
82 papers.
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- 2023Provable Dynamic Fusion for Low-Quality Multimodal Datacited by 81
- 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
- 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensemblingcited by 67
- 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
- 2022Translation, Scale and Rotation: Cross-Modal Alignment Meets RGB-Infrared Vehicle Detectioncited by 49
- 2024Multimodal Fusion on Low-quality Data: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 48
- 2021Cross-Modality Attentive Feature Fusion for Object Detection in Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagerycited by 44
- 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 28
- 2024Visible-Thermal Tiny Object Detection: A Benchmark Dataset and Baselinescited by 27
- 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 26
- 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
- 2024DMM: Disparity-guided Multispectral Mamba for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensingcited by 19
38 more
- 2023TFDet: Target-Aware Fusion for RGB-T Pedestrian Detectioncited by 18
- 2024Removal then Selection: A Coarse-to-Fine Fusion Perspective for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 16
- 2024UniRGB-IR: A Unified Framework for Visible-Infrared Semantic Tasks via Adapter Tuningcited by 16
- 2024AMFD: Distillation via Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 15
- 2023MS-DETR: Multispectral Pedestrian Detection Transformer with Loosely Coupled Fusion and Modality-Balanced Optimizationcited by 14
- 2021BAANet: Learning Bi-directional Adaptive Attention Gates for Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 13
- 2022Deep Learning Serves Traffic Safety Analysis: A Forward-looking Reviewcited by 13
- 2024Causal Mode Multiplexer: A Novel Framework for Unbiased Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 13
- 2023Cross-Modality Proposal-guided Feature Mining for Unregistered RGB-Thermal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 12
- 2023Revisiting Modality Imbalance In Multimodal Pedestrian Detectioncited by 10
- 2024D3T: Distinctive Dual-Domain Teacher Zigzagging Across RGB-Thermal Gap for Domain-Adaptive Object Detectioncited by 9
- 2024Pedestrian Detection in Low-Light Conditions: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 8
- 2025M-SpecGene: Generalized Foundation Model for RGBT Multispectral Visioncited by 8
- 2021Multi-Modal Pedestrian Detection with Large Misalignment Based on Modal-Wise Regression and Multi-Modal IoUcited by 7
- 2024Bootstrapping Audio-Visual Segmentation by Strengthening Audio Cuescited by 7
- 2024DPDETR: Decoupled Position Detection Transformer for Infrared-Visible Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2025Multispectral Pedestrian Detection with Sparsely Annotated Labelcited by 5
- 2025Attention Bootstrapping for Multi-Modal Test-Time Adaptationcited by 5
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- 2025C3-OWD: A Curriculum Cross-modal Contrastive Learning Framework for Open-World Detectioncited by 5
- 2025Fusion Meets Diverse Conditions: A High-diversity Benchmark and Baseline for UAV-based Multimodal Object Detection with Condition Cuescited by 5
- 2023Breaking Modality Disparity: Harmonized Representation for Infrared and Visible Image Registrationcited by 4
- 2024SeaDATE: Remedy Dual-Attention Transformer with Semantic Alignment via Contrast Learning for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Mixture of Scale Experts for Alignment-free RGBT Video Object Detection and A Unified Benchmarkcited by 4
- 2024Optimizing Multispectral Object Detection: A Bag of Tricks and Comprehensive Benchmarkscited by 4
- 2026SLGNet: Synergizing Structural Priors and Language-Guided Modulation for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2026Universal computational thermal imaging overcoming the ghosting effectcited by 4
- 2023Cascaded information enhancement and cross-modal attention feature fusion for multispectral pedestrian detectioncited by 3
- 2024MSCoTDet: Language-driven Multi-modal Fusion for Improved Multispectral Pedestrian Detectioncited by 3
- 2025YOLOv11-RGBT: Towards a Comprehensive Single-Stage Multispectral Object Detection Frameworkcited by 3
- 2025Cross-modal Offset-guided Dynamic Alignment and Fusion for Weakly Aligned UAV Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2024RGB-T Object Detection via Group Shuffled Multi-receptive Attention and Multi-modal Supervisioncited by 2
- 2024Nighttime Pedestrian Detection Based on Fore-Background Contrast Learningcited by 2
- 2025COXNet: Cross-Layer Fusion with Adaptive Alignment and Scale Integration for RGBT Tiny Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2025DEPFusion: Dual-Domain Enhancement and Priority-Guided Mamba Fusion for UAV Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2025IRDFusion: Iterative Relation-Map Difference guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDARcited by 2
50 most cited of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2026Stealthy in Semantics, Antagonistic in Space: Attacking Visible-Infrared Object Detectors via Object-Level Misalignment16 Sep 2026
- 2026A2DINOv3: Rethinking Multi-Modal Object Detection via Socialized Collaboration21 Aug 2026
- 2026Bridging Severe Cross-Modal Misalignment: End-to-End Visible-Infrared Object Detection via Explicit Feature-Domain Affine Registration11 Aug 2026
- 2026RegisterBridgeMM: A Register-Centric Framework for RGB-Infrared Object Detection5 Aug 2026
- 2026DRPFNet: Dual-domain Residual Progressive Fusion Network for RGB-Thermal Object Detection4 Aug 2026
- 2026Dual Sparse Aggregation Transformer for Multispectral Object Detection30 Jun 2026
- 2026Efficient RGB-T Object Detection via Sparse Cross-Modality Fusion29 Jun 2026
- 2026FreqKD: Frequency-Decoupled Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Infrared Object Detection10 Jun 2026
- 2026Bridging the RGB-IR Gap: Consensus and Discrepancy Modeling for Text-Guided Multispectral Detection13 Apr 2026
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDAR4 Apr 2026
- 2026Universal computational thermal imaging overcoming the ghosting effect2 Apr 2026
- 2026DLRMamba: Distilling Low-Rank Mamba for Edge Multispectral Fusion Object Detection6 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026Unifying Heterogeneous Multi-Modal Remote Sensing Detection Via Language-Pivoted Pretraining2 Mar 2026
- 2026Robust Pedestrian Detection with Uncertain Modality6 Feb 2026
- 2026Strip-Fusion: Spatiotemporal Fusion for Multispectral Pedestrian Detection25 Jan 2026
- 2026Modality-Decoupled RGB-Thermal Object Detector via Query Fusion13 Jan 2026
- 2026SLGNet: Synergizing Structural Priors and Language-Guided Modulation for Multimodal Object Detection5 Jan 2026
- 2025MM-DETR: An Efficient Multimodal Detection Transformer with Mamba-Driven Dual-Granularity Fusion and Frequency-Aware Modality Adapters29 Nov 2025
- 2025On Modality Incomplete Infrared-Visible Object Detection: An Architecture Compatibility Perspective9 Nov 2025
- 2025Fusion Meets Diverse Conditions: A High-diversity Benchmark and Baseline for UAV-based Multimodal Object Detection with Condition Cues15 Oct 2025
- 2025From Camera-Based Sensing to Reasoning: A Comprehensive Review Toward Proactive Vulnerable Road User Safety30 Sep 2025
- 2025C3-OWD: A Curriculum Cross-modal Contrastive Learning Framework for Open-World Detection27 Sep 2025
- 2025MO R-CNN: Multispectral Oriented R-CNN for Object Detection in Remote Sensing Image21 Sep 2025
- 2025IRDFusion: Iterative Relation-Map Difference guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detection11 Sep 2025
- 2025DEPFusion: Dual-Domain Enhancement and Priority-Guided Mamba Fusion for UAV Multispectral Object Detection9 Sep 2025
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025DOD-SA: Infrared-Visible Decoupled Object Detection with Single-Modality Annotations14 Aug 2025
- 2025COXNet: Cross-Layer Fusion with Adaptive Alignment and Scale Integration for RGBT Tiny Object Detection13 Aug 2025
- 2025MoCTEFuse: Illumination-Gated Mixture of Chiral Transformer Experts for Multi-Level Infrared and Visible Image Fusion27 Jul 2025
- 2025M-SpecGene: Generalized Foundation Model for RGBT Multispectral Vision22 Jul 2025
- 2025DGE-YOLO: Dual-Branch Gathering and Attention for Accurate UAV Object Detection29 Jun 2025
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospects24 Jun 2025
- 2025Cross-modal Offset-guided Dynamic Alignment and Fusion for Weakly Aligned UAV Object Detection20 Jun 2025
- 2025YOLOv11-RGBT: Towards a Comprehensive Single-Stage Multispectral Object Detection Framework17 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning A Robust RGB-Thermal Detector for Extreme Modality Imbalance28 May 2025
- 2025Transformer-Based Dual-Optical Attention Fusion Crowd Head Point Counting and Localization Network11 May 2025
- 2025Large Language Model Guided Progressive Feature Alignment for Multimodal UAV Object Detection10 Mar 2025
- 2025Attention Bootstrapping for Multi-Modal Test-Time Adaptation4 Mar 2025
- 2025Mitigating the Impact of Prominent Position Shift in Drone-based RGBT Object Detection13 Feb 2025
- 2025Multispectral Pedestrian Detection with Sparsely Annotated Label5 Jan 2025
- 2024Optimizing Multispectral Object Detection: A Bag of Tricks and Comprehensive Benchmarks27 Nov 2024
- 2024Revisiting Misalignment in Multispectral Pedestrian Detection: A Language-Driven Approach for Cross-modal Alignment Fusion27 Nov 2024
- 2024Hybrid Attention for Robust RGB-T Pedestrian Detection in Real-World Conditions6 Nov 2024
- 2024Mixture of Scale Experts for Alignment-free RGBT Video Object Detection and A Unified Benchmark16 Oct 2024
- 2024SeaDATE: Remedy Dual-Attention Transformer with Semantic Alignment via Contrast Learning for Multimodal Object Detection15 Oct 2024
- 2024DPDETR: Decoupled Position Detection Transformer for Infrared-Visible Object Detection12 Aug 2024
- 2024Nighttime Pedestrian Detection Based on Fore-Background Contrast Learning6 Aug 2024
- 2024FoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation Model beyond Multimodal Siamese Network23 Jul 2024
- 2024DMM: Disparity-guided Multispectral Mamba for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensing11 Jul 2024
- 2024Visible-Thermal Tiny Object Detection: A Benchmark Dataset and Baselines20 Jun 2024
50 newest of 82 All 82 (JSON)
- 2024DMM: Disparity-guided Multispectral Mamba for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensingcited by 19
- 2025DEPFusion: Dual-Domain Enhancement and Priority-Guided Mamba Fusion for UAV Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2026DLRMamba: Distilling Low-Rank Mamba for Edge Multispectral Fusion Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2025MM-DETR: An Efficient Multimodal Detection Transformer with Mamba-Driven Dual-Granularity Fusion and Frequency-Aware Modality Adapterscited by 0
- 2026DLRMamba: Distilling Low-Rank Mamba for Edge Multispectral Fusion Object Detection6 Mar 2026
- 2025MM-DETR: An Efficient Multimodal Detection Transformer with Mamba-Driven Dual-Granularity Fusion and Frequency-Aware Modality Adapters29 Nov 2025
- 2025DEPFusion: Dual-Domain Enhancement and Priority-Guided Mamba Fusion for UAV Multispectral Object Detection9 Sep 2025
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2024DMM: Disparity-guided Multispectral Mamba for Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensing11 Jul 2024
- 2023Provable Dynamic Fusion for Low-Quality Multimodal Datacited by 81
- 2023ICAFusion: Iterative Cross-Attention Guided Feature Fusion for Multispectral Object Detectioncited by 76
- 2021Multimodal Object Detection via Probabilistic Ensemblingcited by 67
- 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
- 2022Translation, Scale and Rotation: Cross-Modal Alignment Meets RGB-Infrared Vehicle Detectioncited by 49
- 2024Multimodal Fusion on Low-quality Data: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 48
- 2021Cross-Modality Attentive Feature Fusion for Object Detection in Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagerycited by 44
- 2024DAMSDet: Dynamic Adaptive Multispectral Detection Transformer with Competitive Query Selection and Adaptive Feature Fusioncited by 28
- 2024Visible-Thermal Tiny Object Detection: A Benchmark Dataset and Baselinescited by 27
- 2022Weakly Aligned Feature Fusion for Multimodal Object Detectioncited by 26
- 2021Spatio-Contextual Deep Network Based Multimodal Pedestrian Detection For Autonomous Drivingcited by 25
- 2023TFDet: Target-Aware Fusion for RGB-T Pedestrian Detectioncited by 18
12 most cited of 77 All 77 (JSON)
- 2026Stealthy in Semantics, Antagonistic in Space: Attacking Visible-Infrared Object Detectors via Object-Level Misalignment16 Sep 2026
- 2026A2DINOv3: Rethinking Multi-Modal Object Detection via Socialized Collaboration21 Aug 2026
- 2026Bridging Severe Cross-Modal Misalignment: End-to-End Visible-Infrared Object Detection via Explicit Feature-Domain Affine Registration11 Aug 2026
- 2026RegisterBridgeMM: A Register-Centric Framework for RGB-Infrared Object Detection5 Aug 2026
- 2026DRPFNet: Dual-domain Residual Progressive Fusion Network for RGB-Thermal Object Detection4 Aug 2026
- 2026Dual Sparse Aggregation Transformer for Multispectral Object Detection30 Jun 2026
- 2026Efficient RGB-T Object Detection via Sparse Cross-Modality Fusion29 Jun 2026
- 2026FreqKD: Frequency-Decoupled Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Infrared Object Detection10 Jun 2026
- 2026Bridging the RGB-IR Gap: Consensus and Discrepancy Modeling for Text-Guided Multispectral Detection13 Apr 2026
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDAR4 Apr 2026
- 2026Universal computational thermal imaging overcoming the ghosting effect2 Apr 2026
- 2026Unifying Heterogeneous Multi-Modal Remote Sensing Detection Via Language-Pivoted Pretraining2 Mar 2026
12 newest of 77 All 77 (JSON)