openDD: A Large-Scale Roundabout Drone Dataset
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Abstract (arXiv)
Analyzing and predicting the traffic scene around the ego vehicle has been one of the key challenges in autonomous driving. Datasets including the trajectories of all road users present in a scene, as well as the underlying road topology are invaluable to analyze the behavior of the different traffic participants. The interaction between the various traffic participants is especially high in intersection types that are not regulated by traffic lights, the most common one being the roundabout. We introduce the openDD dataset, including 84,774 accurately tracked trajectories and HD map data of seven different roundabouts. The openDD dataset is annotated using images taken by a drone in 501 separate flights, totalling in over 62 hours of trajectory data. As of today, openDD is by far the largest publicly available trajectory dataset recorded from a drone perspective, while comparable datasets span 17 hours at most. The data is available, for both commercial and noncommercial use, at: http://www.l3pilot.eu/openDD.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Jul 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 4; 2023: 7; 2024: 6; 2025: 4; 2026: 5.
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- 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous drivingcited by 103
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2024Explainable AI for Safe and Trustworthy Autonomous Driving: A Systematic Reviewcited by 52
- 2021An Application-Driven Conceptualization of Corner Cases for Perception in Highly Automated Drivingcited by 33
- 2021Imagining The Road Ahead: Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Differentiable Simulationcited by 32
- 2022SIND: A Drone Dataset at Signalized Intersection in Chinacited by 29
- 2023WOMD-LiDAR: Raw Sensor Dataset Benchmark for Motion Forecastingcited by 28
- 2023I-24 MOTION: An instrument for freeway traffic sciencecited by 24
- 2021DQ-GAT: Towards Safe and Efficient Autonomous Driving with Deep Q-Learning and Graph Attention Networkscited by 13
- 2022Ad-datasets: a meta-collection of data sets for autonomous drivingcited by 11
- 2022Verifiable Goal Recognition for Autonomous Driving with Occlusionscited by 7
- 2023CAROM Air -- Vehicle Localization and Traffic Scene Reconstruction from Aerial Videoscited by 7
17 more
- 2024Autonomous Driving at Unsignalized Intersections: A Review of Decision-Making Challenges and Reinforcement Learning-Based Solutionscited by 7
- 2025Highly Accurate and Diverse Traffic Data: The DeepScenario Open 3D Datasetcited by 7
- 2024KI-GAN: Knowledge-Informed Generative Adversarial Networks for Enhanced Multi-Vehicle Trajectory Forecasting at Signalized Intersectionscited by 4
- 2024Adversarial and Reactive Traffic Entities for Behavior-Realistic Driving Simulation: A Reviewcited by 3
- 2023NU-AIR -- A Neuromorphic Urban Aerial Dataset for Detection and Localization of Pedestrians and Vehiclescited by 2
- 2022VTrackIt: A Synthetic Self-Driving Dataset with Infrastructure and Pooled Vehicle Informationcited by 1
- 2023GSGFormer: Generative Social Graph Transformer for Multimodal Pedestrian Trajectory Predictioncited by 1
- 2025MESSI: A Multi-Elevation Semantic Segmentation Image Dataset of an Urban Environmentcited by 1
- 2025UAV-Based Intelligent Traffic Surveillance System: Real-Time Vehicle Detection, Classification, Tracking, and Behavioral Analysiscited by 1
- 2026HetroD: A High-Fidelity Drone Dataset and Benchmark for Autonomous Driving in Heterogeneous Trafficcited by 1
- 2023Comfort-oriented driving: performance comparison between human drivers and motion plannerscited by 0
- 2023Effect of roundabout design on the behavior of road users: A case study of roundabouts with application of Unsupervised Machine Learningcited by 0
- 2025A Survey on Deep Multi-Task Learning in Connected Autonomous Vehiclescited by 0
- 2026ROSA-RL: Uncertainty-Aware Roundabout Optimized Speed Advisory with Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026Unveiling Transferability in Trajectory Prediction via Latent Scene Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026Shift & Drift: A Zero-Shot Benchmark for Generalizable and Robust Autonomous Driving Motion Planningcited by 0
- 2026LoRFT: Benchmarking Long-Range Vehicle Trajectory Reconstruction from Fixed Highway Camerascited by 0
- 2026LoRFT: Benchmarking Long-Range Vehicle Trajectory Reconstruction from Fixed Highway Cameras22 Jul 2026
- 2026Shift & Drift: A Zero-Shot Benchmark for Generalizable and Robust Autonomous Driving Motion Planning8 Jul 2026
- 2026Unveiling Transferability in Trajectory Prediction via Latent Scene Embeddings29 Jun 2026
- 2026ROSA-RL: Uncertainty-Aware Roundabout Optimized Speed Advisory with Reinforcement Learning15 Jun 2026
- 2026HetroD: A High-Fidelity Drone Dataset and Benchmark for Autonomous Driving in Heterogeneous Traffic3 Feb 2026
- 2025UAV-Based Intelligent Traffic Surveillance System: Real-Time Vehicle Detection, Classification, Tracking, and Behavioral Analysis4 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey on Deep Multi-Task Learning in Connected Autonomous Vehicles29 Jul 2025
- 2025MESSI: A Multi-Elevation Semantic Segmentation Image Dataset of an Urban Environment13 May 2025
- 2025Highly Accurate and Diverse Traffic Data: The DeepScenario Open 3D Dataset24 Apr 2025
- 2024Adversarial and Reactive Traffic Entities for Behavior-Realistic Driving Simulation: A Review21 Sep 2024
- 2024Autonomous Driving at Unsignalized Intersections: A Review of Decision-Making Challenges and Reinforcement Learning-Based Solutions20 Sep 2024
- 2024KI-GAN: Knowledge-Informed Generative Adversarial Networks for Enhanced Multi-Vehicle Trajectory Forecasting at Signalized Intersections17 Apr 2024
17 more
- 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous driving7 Mar 2024
- 2024Explainable AI for Safe and Trustworthy Autonomous Driving: A Systematic Review8 Feb 2024
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlook2 Jan 2024
- 2023GSGFormer: Generative Social Graph Transformer for Multimodal Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction7 Dec 2023
- 2023Effect of roundabout design on the behavior of road users: A case study of roundabouts with application of Unsupervised Machine Learning25 Sep 2023
- 2023CAROM Air -- Vehicle Localization and Traffic Scene Reconstruction from Aerial Videos31 May 2023
- 2023WOMD-LiDAR: Raw Sensor Dataset Benchmark for Motion Forecasting7 Apr 2023
- 2023NU-AIR -- A Neuromorphic Urban Aerial Dataset for Detection and Localization of Pedestrians and Vehicles18 Feb 2023
- 2023I-24 MOTION: An instrument for freeway traffic science26 Jan 2023
- 2023Comfort-oriented driving: performance comparison between human drivers and motion planners25 Jan 2023
- 2022SIND: A Drone Dataset at Signalized Intersection in China6 Sep 2022
- 2022VTrackIt: A Synthetic Self-Driving Dataset with Infrastructure and Pooled Vehicle Information15 Jul 2022
- 2022Verifiable Goal Recognition for Autonomous Driving with Occlusions28 Jun 2022
- 2022Ad-datasets: a meta-collection of data sets for autonomous driving3 Feb 2022
- 2021DQ-GAT: Towards Safe and Efficient Autonomous Driving with Deep Q-Learning and Graph Attention Networks11 Aug 2021
- 2021Imagining The Road Ahead: Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Differentiable Simulation22 Apr 2021
- 2021An Application-Driven Conceptualization of Corner Cases for Perception in Highly Automated Driving5 Mar 2021
- 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous drivingcited by 103
- 2021DQ-GAT: Towards Safe and Efficient Autonomous Driving with Deep Q-Learning and Graph Attention Networkscited by 13
- 2024Autonomous Driving at Unsignalized Intersections: A Review of Decision-Making Challenges and Reinforcement Learning-Based Solutionscited by 7
- 2024Adversarial and Reactive Traffic Entities for Behavior-Realistic Driving Simulation: A Reviewcited by 3
- 2023Comfort-oriented driving: performance comparison between human drivers and motion plannerscited by 0
- 2026Shift & Drift: A Zero-Shot Benchmark for Generalizable and Robust Autonomous Driving Motion Planningcited by 0
- 2026Shift & Drift: A Zero-Shot Benchmark for Generalizable and Robust Autonomous Driving Motion Planning8 Jul 2026
- 2024Adversarial and Reactive Traffic Entities for Behavior-Realistic Driving Simulation: A Review21 Sep 2024
- 2024Autonomous Driving at Unsignalized Intersections: A Review of Decision-Making Challenges and Reinforcement Learning-Based Solutions20 Sep 2024
- 2024Towards learning-based planning:The nuPlan benchmark for real-world autonomous driving7 Mar 2024
- 2023Comfort-oriented driving: performance comparison between human drivers and motion planners25 Jan 2023
- 2021DQ-GAT: Towards Safe and Efficient Autonomous Driving with Deep Q-Learning and Graph Attention Networks11 Aug 2021
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2024Explainable AI for Safe and Trustworthy Autonomous Driving: A Systematic Reviewcited by 52
- 2021An Application-Driven Conceptualization of Corner Cases for Perception in Highly Automated Drivingcited by 33
- 2021Imagining The Road Ahead: Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Differentiable Simulationcited by 32
- 2022SIND: A Drone Dataset at Signalized Intersection in Chinacited by 29
- 2023WOMD-LiDAR: Raw Sensor Dataset Benchmark for Motion Forecastingcited by 28
- 2023I-24 MOTION: An instrument for freeway traffic sciencecited by 24
- 2022Ad-datasets: a meta-collection of data sets for autonomous drivingcited by 11
- 2022Verifiable Goal Recognition for Autonomous Driving with Occlusionscited by 7
- 2023CAROM Air -- Vehicle Localization and Traffic Scene Reconstruction from Aerial Videoscited by 7
- 2025Highly Accurate and Diverse Traffic Data: The DeepScenario Open 3D Datasetcited by 7
- 2024KI-GAN: Knowledge-Informed Generative Adversarial Networks for Enhanced Multi-Vehicle Trajectory Forecasting at Signalized Intersectionscited by 4
12 most cited of 23 All 23 (JSON)
- 2026LoRFT: Benchmarking Long-Range Vehicle Trajectory Reconstruction from Fixed Highway Cameras22 Jul 2026
- 2026Unveiling Transferability in Trajectory Prediction via Latent Scene Embeddings29 Jun 2026
- 2026ROSA-RL: Uncertainty-Aware Roundabout Optimized Speed Advisory with Reinforcement Learning15 Jun 2026
- 2026HetroD: A High-Fidelity Drone Dataset and Benchmark for Autonomous Driving in Heterogeneous Traffic3 Feb 2026
- 2025UAV-Based Intelligent Traffic Surveillance System: Real-Time Vehicle Detection, Classification, Tracking, and Behavioral Analysis4 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey on Deep Multi-Task Learning in Connected Autonomous Vehicles29 Jul 2025
- 2025MESSI: A Multi-Elevation Semantic Segmentation Image Dataset of an Urban Environment13 May 2025
- 2025Highly Accurate and Diverse Traffic Data: The DeepScenario Open 3D Dataset24 Apr 2025
- 2024KI-GAN: Knowledge-Informed Generative Adversarial Networks for Enhanced Multi-Vehicle Trajectory Forecasting at Signalized Intersections17 Apr 2024
- 2024Explainable AI for Safe and Trustworthy Autonomous Driving: A Systematic Review8 Feb 2024
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlook2 Jan 2024
- 2023GSGFormer: Generative Social Graph Transformer for Multimodal Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction7 Dec 2023
12 newest of 23 All 23 (JSON)