Deep Learning Meets SAR
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Deep learning in remote sensing has become an international hype, but it is mostly limited to the evaluation of optical data. Although deep learning has been introduced in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data processing, despite successful first attempts, its huge potential remains locked. In this paper, we provide an introduction to the most relevant deep learning models and concepts, point out possible pitfalls by analyzing special characteristics of SAR data, review the state-of-the-art of deep learning applied to SAR in depth, summarize available benchmarks, and recommend some important future research directions. With this effort, we hope to stimulate more research in this interesting yet under-exploited research field and to pave the way for use of deep learning in big SAR data processing workflows.
Key facts. Cited by 60 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Jun 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 12; 2023: 9; 2024: 11; 2025: 14; 2026: 10.
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- 2022Self-supervised Learning in Remote Sensing: A Reviewcited by 137
- 2022Enabling Country-Scale Land Cover Mapping with Meter-Resolution Satellite Imagerycited by 31
- 2024SARATR-X: Toward Building A Foundation Model for SAR Target Recognitioncited by 25
- 2022GLF-CR: SAR-Enhanced Cloud Removal with Global-Local Fusioncited by 24
- 2021As if by magic: self-supervised training of deep despeckling networks with MERLINcited by 18
- 2021Contrastive Multiview Coding with Electro-optics for SAR Semantic Segmentationcited by 14
- 2022Scattering Model Guided Adversarial Examples for SAR Target Recognition: Attack and Defensecited by 14
- 2025OpenEarthMap-SAR: A Benchmark Synthetic Aperture Radar Dataset for Global High-Resolution Land Cover Mappingcited by 13
- 2025ATRNet-STAR: A Large Dataset and Benchmark Towards Remote Sensing Object Recognition in the Wildcited by 12
- 2021Large-scale Building Height Retrieval from Single SAR Imagery based on Bounding Box Regression Networkscited by 10
- 2022Hephaestus: A large scale multitask dataset towards InSAR understandingcited by 10
- 2022Attentional Feature Refinement and Alignment Network for Aircraft Detection in SAR Imagerycited by 7
38 more
- 2023Hierarchical Disentanglement-Alignment Network for Robust SAR Vehicle Recognitioncited by 6
- 2025SARMAE: Masked Autoencoder for SAR Representation Learningcited by 6
- 2024Learning De-Biased Representations for Remote-Sensing Imagerycited by 4
- 2025A Complex-valued SAR Foundation Model Based on Physically Inspired Representation Learningcited by 4
- 2025SAR Strikes Back: A New Hope for RSVQAcited by 3
- 2026Earth-OneVision: Extending Remote Sensing Multimodal Large Language Models to More Sensor Modalities and Taskscited by 3
- 2022Learning from Synthetic InSAR with Vision Transformers: The case of volcanic unrest detectioncited by 2
- 2023Exploring DINO: Emergent Properties and Limitations for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagerycited by 2
- 2024Multi-Sensor Deep Learning for Glacier Mappingcited by 2
- 2022Random Ferns for Semantic Segmentation of PolSAR Imagescited by 1
- 2022Multi-temporal speckle reduction with self-supervised deep neural networkscited by 1
- 2022Unsupervised Discovery of Semantic Concepts in Satellite Imagery with Style-based Wavelet-driven Generative Modelscited by 1
- 2022A Novel Semisupervised Contrastive Regression Framework for Forest Inventory Mapping with Multisensor Satellite Datacited by 1
- 2023Deep Learning Model Transfer in Forest Mapping using Multi-source Satellite SAR and Optical Imagescited by 1
- 2023Using Neural Networks for Fast SAR Roughness Estimation of High Resolution Imagescited by 1
- 2023A Benchmarking Protocol for SAR Colorization: From Regression to Deep Learning Approachescited by 1
- 2024ClassWise-SAM-Adapter: Parameter Efficient Fine-tuning Adapts Segment Anything to SAR Domain for Semantic Segmentationcited by 1
- 2024Global High Categorical Resolution Land Cover Mapping via Weak Supervisioncited by 1
- 2024Frontiers of Deep Learning: From Novel Application to Real-World Deploymentcited by 1
- 2024Just Project! Multi-Channel Despeckling, the Easy Waycited by 1
- 2024Deep Learning Based Speckle Filtering for Polarimetric SAR Images. Application to Sentinel-1cited by 1
- 2024Soft Segmented Randomization: Enhancing Domain Generalization in SAR-ATR for Synthetic-to-Measuredcited by 1
- 2024Adaptive Residual Transformation for Enhanced Feature-Based OOD Detection in SAR Imagerycited by 1
- 2025Bayesian Despeckling of Structured Sourcescited by 1
- 2025SAR Object Detection with Self-Supervised Pretraining and Curriculum-Aware Samplingcited by 1
- 2021Deep Learning and Earth Observation to Support the Sustainable Development Goalscited by 0
- 2022Towards Daily High-resolution Inundation Observations using Deep Learning and EOcited by 0
- 2023Explainable, Physics Aware, Trustworthy AI Paradigm Shift for Synthetic Aperture Radarcited by 0
- 2023A Dimensional Structure based Knowledge Distillation Method for Cross-Modal Learningcited by 0
- 2023Background Debiased SAR Target Recognition via Causal Interventional Regularizercited by 0
- 2023Emerging Approaches for THz Array Imaging: A Tutorial Review and Software Toolcited by 0
- 2024Deep Learning Meets OBIA: Tasks, Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectivescited by 0
- 2025Unpaired Object-Level SAR-to-Optical Image Translation for Aircraft with Keypoints-Guided Diffusion Modelscited by 0
- 2025Very High-Resolution Forest Mapping with TanDEM-X InSAR Data and Self-Supervised Learningcited by 0
- 2025Thalia: A Global, Multi-Modal Dataset for Volcanic Activity Monitoringcited by 0
- 2025A Deep Learning framework for building damage assessment using VHR SAR and geospatial data: demonstration on the 2023 Turkiye Earthquakecited by 0
- 2025Efficient SAR Vessel Detection for FPGA-Based On-Satellite Sensingcited by 0
- 2025SAR-NAS: Lightweight SAR Object Detection with Neural Architecture Searchcited by 0
50 most cited of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2026RF-VoID: Towards Bandwidth-Efficient Exterior Tile Void Detection via Narrowband Radio-Frequency Representation Learning11 Sep 2026
- 2026Filling Before Advancing: Capability-Gap-Driven Post-Training for Scenario-Specialized Remote Sensing MLLMs24 Jul 2026
- 2026A Generalized Deep Non-negative Matrix Factorization Approach for SAR Automatic Target Recognition8 Jul 2026
- 2026Earth-OneVision: Extending Remote Sensing Multimodal Large Language Models to More Sensor Modalities and Tasks9 Jun 2026
- 2026Physics-Driven Semantic Scattering Structure Understanding of Aircraft Target in SAR Images5 Jun 2026
- 2026Lightweight SAR Ship Detection via Contrastive Distillation27 May 2026
- 2026A Deep Learning Iterative Framework for Sentinel-1 Stripmap Enhancement Based on Azimuth Doppler Decomposition27 May 2026
- 2026Meta-Learning Hyperparameters for Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning2 Mar 2026
- 2026Exploring Polarimetric Properties Preservation during Reconstruction of PolSAR images using Complex-valued Convolutional Neural Networks6 Feb 2026
- 2026Multitask Learning for Earth Observation Data Classification with Hybrid Quantum Network29 Jan 2026
- 2025Predictive Modeling of Maritime Radar Data Using Transformer Architecture18 Dec 2025
- 2025SARMAE: Masked Autoencoder for SAR Representation Learning18 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025SAR-NAS: Lightweight SAR Object Detection with Neural Architecture Search1 Sep 2025
- 2025Efficient SAR Vessel Detection for FPGA-Based On-Satellite Sensing7 Jul 2025
- 2025A Deep Learning framework for building damage assessment using VHR SAR and geospatial data: demonstration on the 2023 Turkiye Earthquake27 Jun 2025
- 2025Thalia: A Global, Multi-Modal Dataset for Volcanic Activity Monitoring23 May 2025
- 2025Very High-Resolution Forest Mapping with TanDEM-X InSAR Data and Self-Supervised Learning6 May 2025
- 2025SAR Object Detection with Self-Supervised Pretraining and Curriculum-Aware Sampling17 Apr 2025
- 2025A Complex-valued SAR Foundation Model Based on Physically Inspired Representation Learning16 Apr 2025
- 2025Unpaired Object-Level SAR-to-Optical Image Translation for Aircraft with Keypoints-Guided Diffusion Models25 Mar 2025
- 2025ATRNet-STAR: A Large Dataset and Benchmark Towards Remote Sensing Object Recognition in the Wild23 Jan 2025
- 2025Bayesian Despeckling of Structured Sources21 Jan 2025
- 2025OpenEarthMap-SAR: A Benchmark Synthetic Aperture Radar Dataset for Global High-Resolution Land Cover Mapping18 Jan 2025
- 2025SAR Strikes Back: A New Hope for RSVQA14 Jan 2025
- 2024Adaptive Residual Transformation for Enhanced Feature-Based OOD Detection in SAR Imagery1 Nov 2024
- 2024Learning De-Biased Representations for Remote-Sensing Imagery6 Oct 2024
- 2024Soft Segmented Randomization: Enhancing Domain Generalization in SAR-ATR for Synthetic-to-Measured21 Sep 2024
- 2024Multi-Sensor Deep Learning for Glacier Mapping18 Sep 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Based Speckle Filtering for Polarimetric SAR Images. Application to Sentinel-128 Aug 2024
- 2024Just Project! Multi-Channel Despeckling, the Easy Way21 Aug 2024
- 2024Deep Learning Meets OBIA: Tasks, Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives2 Aug 2024
- 2024Frontiers of Deep Learning: From Novel Application to Real-World Deployment19 Jul 2024
- 2024Global High Categorical Resolution Land Cover Mapping via Weak Supervision2 Jun 2024
- 2024SARATR-X: Toward Building A Foundation Model for SAR Target Recognition15 May 2024
- 2024ClassWise-SAM-Adapter: Parameter Efficient Fine-tuning Adapts Segment Anything to SAR Domain for Semantic Segmentation4 Jan 2024
- 2023A Benchmarking Protocol for SAR Colorization: From Regression to Deep Learning Approaches12 Oct 2023
- 2023Exploring DINO: Emergent Properties and Limitations for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery5 Oct 2023
- 2023Emerging Approaches for THz Array Imaging: A Tutorial Review and Software Tool16 Sep 2023
- 2023Using Neural Networks for Fast SAR Roughness Estimation of High Resolution Images6 Sep 2023
- 2023Background Debiased SAR Target Recognition via Causal Interventional Regularizer30 Aug 2023
- 2023Deep Learning Model Transfer in Forest Mapping using Multi-source Satellite SAR and Optical Images9 Aug 2023
- 2023A Dimensional Structure based Knowledge Distillation Method for Cross-Modal Learning28 Jun 2023
- 2023Hierarchical Disentanglement-Alignment Network for Robust SAR Vehicle Recognition7 Apr 2023
- 2023Explainable, Physics Aware, Trustworthy AI Paradigm Shift for Synthetic Aperture Radar9 Jan 2023
- 2022A Novel Semisupervised Contrastive Regression Framework for Forest Inventory Mapping with Multisensor Satellite Data1 Dec 2022
- 2022Scattering Model Guided Adversarial Examples for SAR Target Recognition: Attack and Defense11 Sep 2022
- 2022Enabling Country-Scale Land Cover Mapping with Meter-Resolution Satellite Imagery1 Sep 2022
- 2022Towards Daily High-resolution Inundation Observations using Deep Learning and EO10 Aug 2022
- 2022Unsupervised Discovery of Semantic Concepts in Satellite Imagery with Style-based Wavelet-driven Generative Models3 Aug 2022
- 2022Multi-temporal speckle reduction with self-supervised deep neural networks22 Jul 2022
50 newest of 60 All 60 (JSON)
- 2022Self-supervised Learning in Remote Sensing: A Reviewcited by 137
- 2022Enabling Country-Scale Land Cover Mapping with Meter-Resolution Satellite Imagerycited by 31
- 2024SARATR-X: Toward Building A Foundation Model for SAR Target Recognitioncited by 25
- 2022GLF-CR: SAR-Enhanced Cloud Removal with Global-Local Fusioncited by 24
- 2021As if by magic: self-supervised training of deep despeckling networks with MERLINcited by 18
- 2021Contrastive Multiview Coding with Electro-optics for SAR Semantic Segmentationcited by 14
- 2022Scattering Model Guided Adversarial Examples for SAR Target Recognition: Attack and Defensecited by 14
- 2025OpenEarthMap-SAR: A Benchmark Synthetic Aperture Radar Dataset for Global High-Resolution Land Cover Mappingcited by 13
- 2025ATRNet-STAR: A Large Dataset and Benchmark Towards Remote Sensing Object Recognition in the Wildcited by 12
- 2021Large-scale Building Height Retrieval from Single SAR Imagery based on Bounding Box Regression Networkscited by 10
- 2022Hephaestus: A large scale multitask dataset towards InSAR understandingcited by 10
- 2022Attentional Feature Refinement and Alignment Network for Aircraft Detection in SAR Imagerycited by 7
12 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)
- 2026RF-VoID: Towards Bandwidth-Efficient Exterior Tile Void Detection via Narrowband Radio-Frequency Representation Learning11 Sep 2026
- 2026A Generalized Deep Non-negative Matrix Factorization Approach for SAR Automatic Target Recognition8 Jul 2026
- 2026Physics-Driven Semantic Scattering Structure Understanding of Aircraft Target in SAR Images5 Jun 2026
- 2026Lightweight SAR Ship Detection via Contrastive Distillation27 May 2026
- 2026A Deep Learning Iterative Framework for Sentinel-1 Stripmap Enhancement Based on Azimuth Doppler Decomposition27 May 2026
- 2026Meta-Learning Hyperparameters for Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning2 Mar 2026
- 2026Exploring Polarimetric Properties Preservation during Reconstruction of PolSAR images using Complex-valued Convolutional Neural Networks6 Feb 2026
- 2026Multitask Learning for Earth Observation Data Classification with Hybrid Quantum Network29 Jan 2026
- 2025Predictive Modeling of Maritime Radar Data Using Transformer Architecture18 Dec 2025
- 2025SARMAE: Masked Autoencoder for SAR Representation Learning18 Dec 2025
- 2025SAR-NAS: Lightweight SAR Object Detection with Neural Architecture Search1 Sep 2025
- 2025Efficient SAR Vessel Detection for FPGA-Based On-Satellite Sensing7 Jul 2025
12 newest of 57 All 57 (JSON)