Scalable Multilingual Frontend for TTS
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper describes progress towards making a Neural Text-to-Speech (TTS) Frontend that works for many languages and can be easily extended to new languages. We take a Machine Translation (MT) inspired approach to constructing the frontend, and model both text normalization and pronunciation on a sentence level by building and using sequence-to-sequence (S2S) models. We experimented with training normalization and pronunciation as separate S2S models and with training a single S2S model combining both functions. For our language-independent approach to pronunciation we do not use a lexicon. Instead all pronunciations, including context-based pronunciations, are captured in the S2S model. We also present a language-independent chunking and splicing technique that allows us to process arbitrary-length sentences. Models for 18 languages were trained and evaluated. Many of the accuracy measurements are above 99%. We also evaluated the models in the context of end-to-end synthesis against our current production system.
Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 1; 2023: 1; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.
8 papers.
- 2021Proteno: Text Normalization with Limited Data for Fast Deployment in Text to Speech Systemscited by 7
- 2021Review of end-to-end speech synthesis technology based on deep learningcited by 6
- 2022Transformer-based Models of Text Normalization for Speech Applicationscited by 5
- 2023Multilingual context-based pronunciation learning for Text-to-Speechcited by 2
- 2025Compact Neural TTS Voices for Accessibilitycited by 2
- 2024Multi-Task Learning for Front-End Text Processing in TTScited by 1
- 2024Acquiring Pronunciation Knowledge from Transcribed Speech Audio via Multi-task Learningcited by 1
- 2024Positional Description for Numerical Normalizationcited by 0
- 2025Compact Neural TTS Voices for Accessibility28 Jan 2025
- 2024Acquiring Pronunciation Knowledge from Transcribed Speech Audio via Multi-task Learning15 Sep 2024
- 2024Positional Description for Numerical Normalization22 Aug 2024
- 2024Multi-Task Learning for Front-End Text Processing in TTS12 Jan 2024
- 2023Multilingual context-based pronunciation learning for Text-to-Speech31 Jul 2023
- 2022Transformer-based Models of Text Normalization for Speech Applications1 Feb 2022
- 2021Review of end-to-end speech synthesis technology based on deep learning20 Apr 2021
- 2021Proteno: Text Normalization with Limited Data for Fast Deployment in Text to Speech Systems15 Apr 2021