mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Conversational Question Reformulation via Sequence-to-Sequence Architectures and Pretrained Language Models

arXiv 2004.01909 ↗First posted 4 Apr 2020cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 45

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper presents an empirical study of conversational question reformulation (CQR) with sequence-to-sequence architectures and pretrained language models (PLMs). We leverage PLMs to address the strong token-to-token independence assumption made in the common objective, maximum likelihood estimation, for the CQR task. In CQR benchmarks of task-oriented dialogue systems, we evaluate fine-tuned PLMs on the recently-introduced CANARD dataset as an in-domain task and validate the models using data from the TREC 2019 CAsT Track as an out-domain task. Examining a variety of architectures with different numbers of parameters, we demonstrate that the recent text-to-text transfer transformer (T5) achieves the best results both on CANARD and CAsT with fewer parameters, compared to similar transformer architectures.

Key facts. Cited by 45 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Apr 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 3; 2023: 7; 2024: 15; 2025: 8; 2026: 3.

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  1. 2023Enhancing Conversational Search: Large Language Model-Aided Informative Query Rewritingcited by 69
  2. 2021CONQRR: Conversational Query Rewriting for Retrieval with Reinforcement Learningcited by 68
  3. 2023ConvGQR: Generative Query Reformulation for Conversational Searchcited by 59
  4. 2022PACIFIC: Towards Proactive Conversational Question Answering over Tabular and Textual Data in Financecited by 45
  5. 2023Self-Polish: Enhance Reasoning in Large Language Models via Problem Refinementcited by 43
  6. 2024CHIQ: Contextual History Enhancement for Improving Query Rewriting in Conversational Searchcited by 29
  7. 2021Learn to Resolve Conversational Dependency: A Consistency Training Framework for Conversational Question Answeringcited by 27
  8. 2025Riddle Me This! Stealthy Membership Inference for Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 26
  9. 2024Ask Optimal Questions: Aligning Large Language Models with Retriever's Preference in Conversationcited by 23
  10. 2021ISEEQ: Information Seeking Question Generation using Dynamic Meta-Information Retrieval and Knowledge Graphscited by 22
  11. 2024A Survey of Conversational Searchcited by 22
  12. 2024Conv-CoA: Improving Open-domain Question Answering in Large Language Models via Conversational Chain-of-Actioncited by 19
33 more
  1. 2024ChatRetriever: Adapting Large Language Models for Generalized and Robust Conversational Dense Retrievalcited by 18
  2. 2024Generalizing Conversational Dense Retrieval via LLM-Cognition Data Augmentationcited by 16
  3. 2024Adaptive Query Rewriting: Aligning Rewriters through Marginal Probability of Conversational Answerscited by 15
  4. 2024AdaCQR: Enhancing Query Reformulation for Conversational Search via Sparse and Dense Retrieval Alignmentcited by 14
  5. 2022On the Robustness of Dialogue History Representation in Conversational Question Answering: A Comprehensive Study and a New Prompt-based Methodcited by 12
  6. 2021Generating Usage-related Questions for Preference Elicitation in Conversational Recommender Systemscited by 10
  7. 2024Aligning Query Representation with Rewritten Query and Relevance Judgments in Conversational Searchcited by 10
  8. 2025ExpandR: Teaching Dense Retrievers Beyond Queries with LLM Guidancecited by 10
  9. 2024MaFeRw: Query Rewriting with Multi-Aspect Feedbacks for Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Modelscited by 9
  10. 2024Learning When to Retrieve, What to Rewrite, and How to Respond in Conversational QAcited by 9
  11. 2022Can Question Rewriting Help Conversational Question Answering?cited by 8
  12. 2024ConvSDG: Session Data Generation for Conversational Searchcited by 8
  13. 2024CORAL: Benchmarking Multi-turn Conversational Retrieval-Augmentation Generationcited by 8
  14. 2023Learning to Select the Relevant History Turns in Conversational Question Answeringcited by 4
  15. 2024History-Aware Conversational Dense Retrievalcited by 4
  16. 2025ConvMix: A Mixed-Criteria Data Augmentation Framework for Conversational Dense Retrievalcited by 4
  17. 2025ICR: Iterative Clarification and Rewriting for Conversational Searchcited by 4
  18. 2023Keeping the Questions Conversational: Using Structured Representations to Resolve Dependency in Conversational Question Answeringcited by 3
  19. 2026Connect the Dots: Knowledge Graph-Guided Crawler Attack on Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systemscited by 3
  20. 2021Open-Domain Conversational Search Assistant with Transformerscited by 2
  21. 2024Conversational Query Reformulation with the Guidance of Retrieved Documentscited by 2
  22. 2025AdaRewriter: Unleashing the Power of Prompting-based Conversational Query Reformulation via Test-Time Adaptationcited by 2
  23. 2023QURG: Question Rewriting Guided Context-Dependent Text-to-SQL Semantic Parsingcited by 1
  24. 2023On the Robustness of Question Rewriting Systems to Questions of Varying Hardnesscited by 1
  25. 2026Multi-Faceted Self-Consistent Preference Alignment for Query Rewriting in Conversational Searchcited by 1
  26. 2021BERT Embeddings Can Track Context in Conversational Searchcited by 0
  27. 2021Knowledge-driven Answer Generation for Conversational Searchcited by 0
  28. 2021Learning to Ask Conversational Questions by Optimizing Levenshtein Distancecited by 0
  29. 2021Action based Network for Conversation Question Reformulationcited by 0
  30. 2025References Indeed Matter? Reference-Free Preference Optimization for Conversational Query Reformulationcited by 0
  31. 2025Building Open-Retrieval Conversational Question Answering Systems by Generating Synthetic Data and Decontextualizing User Questionscited by 0
  32. 2025Adaptive Personalized Conversational Information Retrievalcited by 0
  33. 2026CompCQR: Compositional Query Generation for Training-Free Conversational Searchcited by 0