S2DNet: Learning Accurate Correspondences for Sparse-to-Dense Feature Matching
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Abstract (arXiv)
Establishing robust and accurate correspondences is a fundamental backbone to many computer vision algorithms. While recent learning-based feature matching methods have shown promising results in providing robust correspondences under challenging conditions, they are often limited in terms of precision. In this paper, we introduce S2DNet, a novel feature matching pipeline, designed and trained to efficiently establish both robust and accurate correspondences. By leveraging a sparse-to-dense matching paradigm, we cast the correspondence learning problem as a supervised classification task to learn to output highly peaked correspondence maps. We show that S2DNet achieves state-of-the-art results on the HPatches benchmark, as well as on several long-term visual localization datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Apr 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 2; 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
22 papers.
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- 2021Back to the Feature: Learning Robust Camera Localization from Pixels to Posecited by 199
- 2021Pixel-Perfect Structure-from-Motion with Featuremetric Refinementcited by 199
- 2023FoundPose: Unseen Object Pose Estimation with Foundation Featurescited by 109
- 2021ALIKE: Accurate and Lightweight Keypoint Detection and Descriptor Extractioncited by 77
- 2022Is Geometry Enough for Matching in Visual Localization?cited by 48
- 2021Progressive Correspondence Pruning by Consensus Learningcited by 46
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Featurescited by 31
- 2023SFD2: Semantic-guided Feature Detection and Descriptioncited by 28
- 2022Guide Local Feature Matching by Overlap Estimationcited by 24
- 2023PNeRFLoc: Visual Localization with Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 22
- 2021RoRD: Rotation-Robust Descriptors and Orthographic Views for Local Feature Matchingcited by 19
- 2025Dense-SfM: Structure from Motion with Dense Consistent Matchingcited by 15
10 more
- 2022Multi-sensor large-scale dataset for multi-view 3D reconstructioncited by 14
- 2023Learning Correspondence Uncertainty via Differentiable Nonlinear Least Squarescited by 14
- 2023Long-term Visual Localization with Mobile Sensorscited by 13
- 2021ScaleNet: A Shallow Architecture for Scale Estimationcited by 12
- 2024LoD-Loc: Aerial Visual Localization using LoD 3D Map with Neural Wireframe Alignmentcited by 12
- 2025MATCHA:Towards Matching Anythingcited by 12
- 2022A Critical Analysis of Image-based Camera Pose Estimation Techniquescited by 7
- 2026RaCo: Ranking and Covariance for Practical Learned Keypointscited by 3
- 2026MV-RoMa: From Pairwise Matching into Multi-View Track Reconstructioncited by 2
- 2025S2ML: Spatio-Spectral Mutual Learning for Depth Completioncited by 0
- 2026MV-RoMa: From Pairwise Matching into Multi-View Track Reconstruction29 Mar 2026
- 2026RaCo: Ranking and Covariance for Practical Learned Keypoints17 Feb 2026
- 2025S2ML: Spatio-Spectral Mutual Learning for Depth Completion8 Nov 2025
- 2025MATCHA:Towards Matching Anything24 Jan 2025
- 2025Dense-SfM: Structure from Motion with Dense Consistent Matching24 Jan 2025
- 2024LoD-Loc: Aerial Visual Localization using LoD 3D Map with Neural Wireframe Alignment16 Oct 2024
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Features29 Sep 2024
- 2023PNeRFLoc: Visual Localization with Point-based Neural Radiance Fields17 Dec 2023
- 2023FoundPose: Unseen Object Pose Estimation with Foundation Features30 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning Correspondence Uncertainty via Differentiable Nonlinear Least Squares16 May 2023
- 2023SFD2: Semantic-guided Feature Detection and Description28 Apr 2023
- 2023Long-term Visual Localization with Mobile Sensors16 Apr 2023
10 more
- 2022Is Geometry Enough for Matching in Visual Localization?24 Mar 2022
- 2022Multi-sensor large-scale dataset for multi-view 3D reconstruction11 Mar 2022
- 2022Guide Local Feature Matching by Overlap Estimation18 Feb 2022
- 2022A Critical Analysis of Image-based Camera Pose Estimation Techniques15 Jan 2022
- 2021ScaleNet: A Shallow Architecture for Scale Estimation9 Dec 2021
- 2021ALIKE: Accurate and Lightweight Keypoint Detection and Descriptor Extraction6 Dec 2021
- 2021Pixel-Perfect Structure-from-Motion with Featuremetric Refinement18 Aug 2021
- 2021Back to the Feature: Learning Robust Camera Localization from Pixels to Pose16 Mar 2021
- 2021RoRD: Rotation-Robust Descriptors and Orthographic Views for Local Feature Matching15 Mar 2021
- 2021Progressive Correspondence Pruning by Consensus Learning3 Jan 2021
- 2021Back to the Feature: Learning Robust Camera Localization from Pixels to Posecited by 199
- 2021Pixel-Perfect Structure-from-Motion with Featuremetric Refinementcited by 199
- 2023FoundPose: Unseen Object Pose Estimation with Foundation Featurescited by 109
- 2021ALIKE: Accurate and Lightweight Keypoint Detection and Descriptor Extractioncited by 77
- 2022Is Geometry Enough for Matching in Visual Localization?cited by 48
- 2021Progressive Correspondence Pruning by Consensus Learningcited by 46
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Featurescited by 31
- 2023SFD2: Semantic-guided Feature Detection and Descriptioncited by 28
- 2022Guide Local Feature Matching by Overlap Estimationcited by 24
- 2023PNeRFLoc: Visual Localization with Point-based Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 22
- 2021RoRD: Rotation-Robust Descriptors and Orthographic Views for Local Feature Matchingcited by 19
- 2025Dense-SfM: Structure from Motion with Dense Consistent Matchingcited by 15
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026MV-RoMa: From Pairwise Matching into Multi-View Track Reconstruction29 Mar 2026
- 2026RaCo: Ranking and Covariance for Practical Learned Keypoints17 Feb 2026
- 2025S2ML: Spatio-Spectral Mutual Learning for Depth Completion8 Nov 2025
- 2025MATCHA:Towards Matching Anything24 Jan 2025
- 2025Dense-SfM: Structure from Motion with Dense Consistent Matching24 Jan 2025
- 2024LoD-Loc: Aerial Visual Localization using LoD 3D Map with Neural Wireframe Alignment16 Oct 2024
- 2024Robust Incremental Structure-from-Motion with Hybrid Features29 Sep 2024
- 2023PNeRFLoc: Visual Localization with Point-based Neural Radiance Fields17 Dec 2023
- 2023FoundPose: Unseen Object Pose Estimation with Foundation Features30 Nov 2023
- 2023Learning Correspondence Uncertainty via Differentiable Nonlinear Least Squares16 May 2023
- 2023SFD2: Semantic-guided Feature Detection and Description28 Apr 2023
- 2023Long-term Visual Localization with Mobile Sensors16 Apr 2023
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)