Ford Multi-AV Seasonal Dataset
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents a challenging multi-agent seasonal dataset collected by a fleet of Ford autonomous vehicles at different days and times during 2017-18. The vehicles traversed an average route of 66 km in Michigan that included a mix of driving scenarios such as the Detroit Airport, freeways, city-centers, university campus and suburban neighbourhoods, etc. Each vehicle used in this data collection is a Ford Fusion outfitted with an Applanix POS-LV GNSS system, four HDL-32E Velodyne 3D-lidar scanners, 6 Point Grey 1.3 MP Cameras arranged on the rooftop for 360-degree coverage and 1 Pointgrey 5 MP camera mounted behind the windshield for the forward field of view. We present the seasonal variation in weather, lighting, construction and traffic conditions experienced in dynamic urban environments. This dataset can help design robust algorithms for autonomous vehicles and multi-agent systems. Each log in the dataset is time-stamped and contains raw data from all the sensors, calibration values, pose trajectory, ground truth pose, and 3D maps. All data is available in Rosbag format that can be visualized, modified and applied using the open-source Robot Operating System (ROS). We also provide the output of state-of-the-art reflectivity-based localization for bench-marking purposes. The dataset can be freely downloaded at our website.
Key facts. Cited by 39 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Mar 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 6; 2023: 12; 2024: 4; 2025: 8; 2026: 5.
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- 2023Recent Advancements in End-to-End Autonomous Driving using Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 101
- 2023Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles: Survey of Surveyscited by 75
- 2023SSCBench: A Large-Scale 3D Semantic Scene Completion Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 72
- 2022Uncertainty-aware Vision-based Metric Cross-view Geolocalizationcited by 54
- 2023Learning Dense Flow Field for Highly-accurate Cross-view Camera Localizationcited by 24
- 2022Satellite Image Based Cross-view Localization for Autonomous Vehiclecited by 19
- 2023View Consistent Purification for Accurate Cross-View Localizationcited by 15
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Servicescited by 14
- 2024Dataset and Benchmark: Novel Sensors for Autonomous Vehicle Perceptioncited by 14
- 2024Adapting Fine-Grained Cross-View Localization to Areas without Fine Ground Truthcited by 14
- 2021Asynchronous Multi-View SLAMcited by 12
- 2022Ad-datasets: a meta-collection of data sets for autonomous drivingcited by 11
27 more
- 2025MCN-SLAM: Multi-Agent Collaborative Neural SLAM with Hybrid Implicit Neural Scene Representationcited by 11
- 2022Continuous Self-Localization on Aerial Images Using Visual and Lidar Sensorscited by 10
- 2022S3E: A Multi-Robot Multimodal Dataset for Collaborative SLAMcited by 10
- 2023Deep Transfer Learning for Intelligent Vehicle Perception: a Surveycited by 10
- 2023RSRD: A Road Surface Reconstruction Dataset and Benchmark for Safe and Comfortable Autonomous Drivingcited by 8
- 2021Diverse Complexity Measures for Dataset Curation in Self-drivingcited by 6
- 2022Improving Worst Case Visual Localization Coverage via Place-specific Sub-selection in Multi-camera Systemscited by 5
- 2025PIDLoc: Cross-View Pose Optimization Network Inspired by PID Controllerscited by 4
- 2025A Unified Hierarchical Framework for Fine-grained Cross-view Geo-localization over Large-scale Scenarioscited by 4
- 2021S-BEV: Semantic Birds-Eye View Representation for Weather and Lighting Invariant 3-DoF Localizationcited by 3
- 2023Stereo Visual Odometry with Deep Learning-Based Point and Line Feature Matching using an Attention Graph Neural Networkcited by 3
- 2025Princeton365: A Diverse Dataset with Accurate Camera Posecited by 3
- 2021Improving Robustness of Learning-based Autonomous Steering Using Adversarial Imagescited by 2
- 2023OCTraN: 3D Occupancy Convolutional Transformer Network in Unstructured Traffic Scenarioscited by 2
- 2024PointCompress3D: A Point Cloud Compression Framework for Roadside LiDARs in Intelligent Transportation Systemscited by 2
- 2024Dynamically Modulating Visual Place Recognition Sequence Length For Minimum Acceptable Performance Scenarioscited by 2
- 2025Evaluating Global Geo-alignment for Precision Learned Autonomous Vehicle Localization using Aerial Datacited by 1
- 2025Cross-View Localization via Redundant Sliced Observations and A-Contrario Validationcited by 1
- 2025AnyPcc: Compressing Any Point Cloud with a Single Universal Modelcited by 1
- 2023Locking On: Leveraging Dynamic Vehicle-Imposed Motion Constraints to Improve Visual Localizationcited by 0
- 2023Motion-Bias-Free Feature-Based SLAMcited by 0
- 2025BEV-Patch-PF: Particle Filtering with BEV-Aerial Feature Matching for Off-Road Geo-Localizationcited by 0
- 2026WHU-PCPR: A cross-platform heterogeneous point cloud dataset for place recognition in complex urban scenescited by 0
- 2026GOLD-BEV: GrOund and aeriaL Data for Dense Semantic BEV Mapping of Dynamic Scenescited by 0
- 2026FRED: A Multi-Modal Autonomous Driving Dataset for Flooded Road Environmentscited by 0
- 2026CIPER: A Unified Framework for Cross-view Image-retrieval and Pose-estimationcited by 0
- 2026OpenCVL: An Open, Diverse, and Large-Scale Dataset for Fine-Grained Cross-View Localizationcited by 0
- 2026OpenCVL: An Open, Diverse, and Large-Scale Dataset for Fine-Grained Cross-View Localization26 Aug 2026
- 2026CIPER: A Unified Framework for Cross-view Image-retrieval and Pose-estimation3 Jun 2026
- 2026FRED: A Multi-Modal Autonomous Driving Dataset for Flooded Road Environments21 May 2026
- 2026GOLD-BEV: GrOund and aeriaL Data for Dense Semantic BEV Mapping of Dynamic Scenes21 Apr 2026
- 2026WHU-PCPR: A cross-platform heterogeneous point cloud dataset for place recognition in complex urban scenes10 Jan 2026
- 2025BEV-Patch-PF: Particle Filtering with BEV-Aerial Feature Matching for Off-Road Geo-Localization17 Dec 2025
- 2025AnyPcc: Compressing Any Point Cloud with a Single Universal Model23 Oct 2025
- 2025Cross-View Localization via Redundant Sliced Observations and A-Contrario Validation7 Aug 2025
- 2025MCN-SLAM: Multi-Agent Collaborative Neural SLAM with Hybrid Implicit Neural Scene Representation23 Jun 2025
- 2025Princeton365: A Diverse Dataset with Accurate Camera Pose10 Jun 2025
- 2025A Unified Hierarchical Framework for Fine-grained Cross-view Geo-localization over Large-scale Scenarios12 May 2025
- 2025Evaluating Global Geo-alignment for Precision Learned Autonomous Vehicle Localization using Aerial Data18 Mar 2025
27 more
- 2025PIDLoc: Cross-View Pose Optimization Network Inspired by PID Controllers4 Mar 2025
- 2024Dynamically Modulating Visual Place Recognition Sequence Length For Minimum Acceptable Performance Scenarios1 Jul 2024
- 2024Adapting Fine-Grained Cross-View Localization to Areas without Fine Ground Truth1 Jun 2024
- 2024PointCompress3D: A Point Cloud Compression Framework for Roadside LiDARs in Intelligent Transportation Systems2 May 2024
- 2024Dataset and Benchmark: Novel Sensors for Autonomous Vehicle Perception24 Jan 2024
- 2023RSRD: A Road Surface Reconstruction Dataset and Benchmark for Safe and Comfortable Autonomous Driving3 Oct 2023
- 2023Learning Dense Flow Field for Highly-accurate Cross-view Camera Localization27 Sep 2023
- 2023Motion-Bias-Free Feature-Based SLAM13 Sep 2023
- 2023View Consistent Purification for Accurate Cross-View Localization16 Aug 2023
- 2023Stereo Visual Odometry with Deep Learning-Based Point and Line Feature Matching using an Attention Graph Neural Network2 Aug 2023
- 2023OCTraN: 3D Occupancy Convolutional Transformer Network in Unstructured Traffic Scenarios20 Jul 2023
- 2023Recent Advancements in End-to-End Autonomous Driving using Deep Learning: A Survey10 Jul 2023
- 2023Locking On: Leveraging Dynamic Vehicle-Imposed Motion Constraints to Improve Visual Localization30 Jun 2023
- 2023Deep Transfer Learning for Intelligent Vehicle Perception: a Survey26 Jun 2023
- 2023SSCBench: A Large-Scale 3D Semantic Scene Completion Benchmark for Autonomous Driving15 Jun 2023
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Services13 Apr 2023
- 2023Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles: Survey of Surveys30 Mar 2023
- 2022Uncertainty-aware Vision-based Metric Cross-view Geolocalization22 Nov 2022
- 2022S3E: A Multi-Robot Multimodal Dataset for Collaborative SLAM25 Oct 2022
- 2022Satellite Image Based Cross-view Localization for Autonomous Vehicle27 Jul 2022
- 2022Improving Worst Case Visual Localization Coverage via Place-specific Sub-selection in Multi-camera Systems28 Jun 2022
- 2022Continuous Self-Localization on Aerial Images Using Visual and Lidar Sensors7 Mar 2022
- 2022Ad-datasets: a meta-collection of data sets for autonomous driving3 Feb 2022
- 2021Improving Robustness of Learning-based Autonomous Steering Using Adversarial Images26 Feb 2021
- 2021S-BEV: Semantic Birds-Eye View Representation for Weather and Lighting Invariant 3-DoF Localization23 Jan 2021
- 2021Asynchronous Multi-View SLAM17 Jan 2021
- 2021Diverse Complexity Measures for Dataset Curation in Self-driving16 Jan 2021
- 2023Milestones in Autonomous Driving and Intelligent Vehicles: Survey of Surveyscited by 75
- 2023SSCBench: A Large-Scale 3D Semantic Scene Completion Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 72
- 2022Uncertainty-aware Vision-based Metric Cross-view Geolocalizationcited by 54
- 2023Learning Dense Flow Field for Highly-accurate Cross-view Camera Localizationcited by 24
- 2022Satellite Image Based Cross-view Localization for Autonomous Vehiclecited by 19
- 2023View Consistent Purification for Accurate Cross-View Localizationcited by 15
- 2023A Survey on Approximate Edge AI for Energy Efficient Autonomous Driving Servicescited by 14
- 2024Dataset and Benchmark: Novel Sensors for Autonomous Vehicle Perceptioncited by 14
- 2024Adapting Fine-Grained Cross-View Localization to Areas without Fine Ground Truthcited by 14
- 2021Asynchronous Multi-View SLAMcited by 12
- 2022Ad-datasets: a meta-collection of data sets for autonomous drivingcited by 11
- 2025MCN-SLAM: Multi-Agent Collaborative Neural SLAM with Hybrid Implicit Neural Scene Representationcited by 11
12 most cited of 38 All 38 (JSON)
- 2026OpenCVL: An Open, Diverse, and Large-Scale Dataset for Fine-Grained Cross-View Localization26 Aug 2026
- 2026CIPER: A Unified Framework for Cross-view Image-retrieval and Pose-estimation3 Jun 2026
- 2026FRED: A Multi-Modal Autonomous Driving Dataset for Flooded Road Environments21 May 2026
- 2026GOLD-BEV: GrOund and aeriaL Data for Dense Semantic BEV Mapping of Dynamic Scenes21 Apr 2026
- 2026WHU-PCPR: A cross-platform heterogeneous point cloud dataset for place recognition in complex urban scenes10 Jan 2026
- 2025BEV-Patch-PF: Particle Filtering with BEV-Aerial Feature Matching for Off-Road Geo-Localization17 Dec 2025
- 2025AnyPcc: Compressing Any Point Cloud with a Single Universal Model23 Oct 2025
- 2025Cross-View Localization via Redundant Sliced Observations and A-Contrario Validation7 Aug 2025
- 2025MCN-SLAM: Multi-Agent Collaborative Neural SLAM with Hybrid Implicit Neural Scene Representation23 Jun 2025
- 2025Princeton365: A Diverse Dataset with Accurate Camera Pose10 Jun 2025
- 2025A Unified Hierarchical Framework for Fine-grained Cross-view Geo-localization over Large-scale Scenarios12 May 2025
- 2025Evaluating Global Geo-alignment for Precision Learned Autonomous Vehicle Localization using Aerial Data18 Mar 2025
12 newest of 38 All 38 (JSON)