Under the Radar: Learning to Predict Robust Keypoints for Odometry Estimation and Metric Localisation in Radar
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents a self-supervised framework for learning to detect robust keypoints for odometry estimation and metric localisation in radar. By embedding a differentiable point-based motion estimator inside our architecture, we learn keypoint locations, scores and descriptors from localisation error alone. This approach avoids imposing any assumption on what makes a robust keypoint and crucially allows them to be optimised for our application. Furthermore the architecture is sensor agnostic and can be applied to most modalities. We run experiments on 280km of real world driving from the Oxford Radar RobotCar Dataset and improve on the state-of-the-art in point-based radar odometry, reducing errors by up to 45% whilst running an order of magnitude faster, simultaneously solving metric loop closures. Combining these outputs, we provide a framework capable of full mapping and localisation with radar in urban environments.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Jan 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 1; 2023: 5; 2024: 2; 2025: 4; 2026: 1.
17 papers.
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- 2024Open-RadVLAD: Fast and Robust Radar Place Recognitioncited by 6
- 2021RadarLoc: Learning to Relocalize in FMCW Radarcited by 5
- 2021Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Radar Place Recognitioncited by 5
- 2021Radar Occupancy Prediction with Lidar Supervision while Preserving Long-Range Sensing and Penetrating Capabilitiescited by 5
- 2023Energy-Based Models for Cross-Modal Localization using Convolutional Transformerscited by 3
- 2022Self-Supervised Feature Learning for Long-Term Metric Visual Localizationcited by 2
- 2023Improving Extrinsics between RADAR and LIDAR using Learningcited by 2
- 2021Unsupervised Place Recognition with Deep Embedding Learning over Radar Videoscited by 1
- 2023UnLoc: A Universal Localization Method for Autonomous Vehicles using LiDAR, Radar and/or Camera Inputcited by 1
- 2023Pointing the Way: Refining Radar-Lidar Localization Using Learned ICP Weightscited by 1
- 2024RaNDT SLAM: Radar SLAM Based on Intensity-Augmented Normal Distributions Transformcited by 1
- 2025RaSCL: Radar to Satellite Crossview Localizationcited by 1
5 more
- 2023RadarLCD: Learnable Radar-based Loop Closure Detection Pipelinecited by 0
- 2025Uncertainty-Driven Radar-Inertial Fusion for Instantaneous 3D Ego-Velocity Estimationcited by 0
- 2025Radar and Event Camera Fusion for Agile Robot Ego-Motion Estimationcited by 0
- 2025Radar2Shape: 3D Shape Reconstruction from High-Frequency Radar using Multiresolution Signed Distance Functionscited by 0
- 2026RaUF: Learning the Spatial Uncertainty Field of Radarcited by 0
- 2026RaUF: Learning the Spatial Uncertainty Field of Radar1 Mar 2026
- 2025Radar2Shape: 3D Shape Reconstruction from High-Frequency Radar using Multiresolution Signed Distance Functions21 Nov 2025
- 2025Radar and Event Camera Fusion for Agile Robot Ego-Motion Estimation23 Jun 2025
- 2025Uncertainty-Driven Radar-Inertial Fusion for Instantaneous 3D Ego-Velocity Estimation17 Jun 2025
- 2025RaSCL: Radar to Satellite Crossview Localization22 Apr 2025
- 2024RaNDT SLAM: Radar SLAM Based on Intensity-Augmented Normal Distributions Transform21 Aug 2024
- 2024Open-RadVLAD: Fast and Robust Radar Place Recognition27 Jan 2024
- 2023Pointing the Way: Refining Radar-Lidar Localization Using Learned ICP Weights15 Sep 2023
- 2023RadarLCD: Learnable Radar-based Loop Closure Detection Pipeline13 Sep 2023
- 2023UnLoc: A Universal Localization Method for Autonomous Vehicles using LiDAR, Radar and/or Camera Input3 Jul 2023
- 2023Energy-Based Models for Cross-Modal Localization using Convolutional Transformers6 Jun 2023
- 2023Improving Extrinsics between RADAR and LIDAR using Learning17 May 2023
5 more
- 2022Self-Supervised Feature Learning for Long-Term Metric Visual Localization30 Nov 2022
- 2021Radar Occupancy Prediction with Lidar Supervision while Preserving Long-Range Sensing and Penetrating Capabilities8 Dec 2021
- 2021Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Radar Place Recognition6 Oct 2021
- 2021Unsupervised Place Recognition with Deep Embedding Learning over Radar Videos12 Jun 2021
- 2021RadarLoc: Learning to Relocalize in FMCW Radar22 Mar 2021
- 2024Open-RadVLAD: Fast and Robust Radar Place Recognitioncited by 6
- 2021RadarLoc: Learning to Relocalize in FMCW Radarcited by 5
- 2021Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Radar Place Recognitioncited by 5
- 2021Radar Occupancy Prediction with Lidar Supervision while Preserving Long-Range Sensing and Penetrating Capabilitiescited by 5
- 2023Energy-Based Models for Cross-Modal Localization using Convolutional Transformerscited by 3
- 2022Self-Supervised Feature Learning for Long-Term Metric Visual Localizationcited by 2
- 2023Improving Extrinsics between RADAR and LIDAR using Learningcited by 2
- 2021Unsupervised Place Recognition with Deep Embedding Learning over Radar Videoscited by 1
- 2023UnLoc: A Universal Localization Method for Autonomous Vehicles using LiDAR, Radar and/or Camera Inputcited by 1
- 2023Pointing the Way: Refining Radar-Lidar Localization Using Learned ICP Weightscited by 1
- 2024RaNDT SLAM: Radar SLAM Based on Intensity-Augmented Normal Distributions Transformcited by 1
- 2025RaSCL: Radar to Satellite Crossview Localizationcited by 1
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026RaUF: Learning the Spatial Uncertainty Field of Radar1 Mar 2026
- 2025Radar2Shape: 3D Shape Reconstruction from High-Frequency Radar using Multiresolution Signed Distance Functions21 Nov 2025
- 2025Radar and Event Camera Fusion for Agile Robot Ego-Motion Estimation23 Jun 2025
- 2025Uncertainty-Driven Radar-Inertial Fusion for Instantaneous 3D Ego-Velocity Estimation17 Jun 2025
- 2025RaSCL: Radar to Satellite Crossview Localization22 Apr 2025
- 2024RaNDT SLAM: Radar SLAM Based on Intensity-Augmented Normal Distributions Transform21 Aug 2024
- 2024Open-RadVLAD: Fast and Robust Radar Place Recognition27 Jan 2024
- 2023Pointing the Way: Refining Radar-Lidar Localization Using Learned ICP Weights15 Sep 2023
- 2023RadarLCD: Learnable Radar-based Loop Closure Detection Pipeline13 Sep 2023
- 2023UnLoc: A Universal Localization Method for Autonomous Vehicles using LiDAR, Radar and/or Camera Input3 Jul 2023
- 2023Energy-Based Models for Cross-Modal Localization using Convolutional Transformers6 Jun 2023
- 2023Improving Extrinsics between RADAR and LIDAR using Learning17 May 2023
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)