Voice Transformer Network: Sequence-to-Sequence Voice Conversion Using Transformer with Text-to-Speech Pretraining
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce a novel sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) voice conversion (VC) model based on the Transformer architecture with text-to-speech (TTS) pretraining. Seq2seq VC models are attractive owing to their ability to convert prosody. While seq2seq models based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully applied to VC, the use of the Transformer network, which has shown promising results in various speech processing tasks, has not yet been investigated. Nonetheless, their data-hungry property and the mispronunciation of converted speech make seq2seq models far from practical. To this end, we propose a simple yet effective pretraining technique to transfer knowledge from learned TTS models, which benefit from large-scale, easily accessible TTS corpora. VC models initialized with such pretrained model parameters are able to generate effective hidden representations for high-fidelity, highly intelligible converted speech. Experimental results show that such a pretraining scheme can facilitate data-efficient training and outperform an RNN-based seq2seq VC model in terms of intelligibility, naturalness, and similarity.
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Dec 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 5; 2023: 6; 2024: 3; 2025: 1.
29 papers.
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- 2021Emotional Voice Conversion: Theory, Databases and ESDcited by 113
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2023A Text-guided Protein Design Frameworkcited by 61
- 2021StarGANv2-VC: A Diverse, Unsupervised, Non-parallel Framework for Natural-Sounding Voice Conversioncited by 57
- 2023Transformers in Speech Processing: A Surveycited by 38
- 2022Speech Synthesis with Mixed Emotionscited by 28
- 2023The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 2023cited by 25
- 2022i-Code: An Integrative and Composable Multimodal Learning Frameworkcited by 24
- 2021ESPnet2-TTS: Extending the Edge of TTS Researchcited by 22
- 2021SpeechNet: A Universal Modularized Model for Speech Processing Taskscited by 16
- 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 15
- 2021Assem-VC: Realistic Voice Conversion by Assembling Modern Speech Synthesis Techniquescited by 11
17 more
- 2021Towards Identity Preserving Normal to Dysarthric Voice Conversioncited by 10
- 2021Multi-View Self-Attention Based Transformer for Speaker Recognitioncited by 8
- 2021Non-autoregressive sequence-to-sequence voice conversioncited by 7
- 2021A Preliminary Study of a Two-Stage Paradigm for Preserving Speaker Identity in Dysarthric Voice Conversioncited by 6
- 2022An Overview & Analysis of Sequence-to-Sequence Emotional Voice Conversioncited by 6
- 2021EMA2S: An End-to-End Multimodal Articulatory-to-Speech Systemcited by 5
- 2023Evaluating Methods for Ground-Truth-Free Foreign Accent Conversioncited by 4
- 2021On Prosody Modeling for ASR+TTS based Voice Conversioncited by 3
- 2024Disentangling segmental and prosodic factors to non-native speech comprehensibilitycited by 3
- 2021Axial Residual Networks for CycleGAN-based Voice Conversioncited by 2
- 2022GlowVC: Mel-spectrogram space disentangling model for language-independent text-free voice conversioncited by 2
- 2024Multilingual Prosody Transfer: Comparing Supervised & Transfer Learningcited by 2
- 2025Generative Adversarial Network based Voice Conversion: Techniques, Challenges, and Recent Advancementscited by 2
- 2022Enhancing Zero-Shot Many to Many Voice Conversion with Self-Attention VAEcited by 1
- 2024A Pilot Study of Applying Sequence-to-Sequence Voice Conversion to Evaluate the Intelligibility of L2 Speech Using a Native Speaker's Shadowingscited by 1
- 2021Time Alignment using Lip Images for Frame-based Electrolaryngeal Voice Conversioncited by 0
- 2023Parallel and Limited Data Voice Conversion Using Stochastic Variational Deep Kernel Learningcited by 0
- 2025Generative Adversarial Network based Voice Conversion: Techniques, Challenges, and Recent Advancements27 Apr 2025
- 2024A Pilot Study of Applying Sequence-to-Sequence Voice Conversion to Evaluate the Intelligibility of L2 Speech Using a Native Speaker's Shadowings3 Oct 2024
- 2024Disentangling segmental and prosodic factors to non-native speech comprehensibility20 Aug 2024
- 2024Multilingual Prosody Transfer: Comparing Supervised & Transfer Learning23 May 2024
- 2023Parallel and Limited Data Voice Conversion Using Stochastic Variational Deep Kernel Learning8 Sep 2023
- 2023Evaluating Methods for Ground-Truth-Free Foreign Accent Conversion5 Sep 2023
- 2023The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 202326 Jun 2023
- 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunities9 Jun 2023
- 2023Transformers in Speech Processing: A Survey21 Mar 2023
- 2023A Text-guided Protein Design Framework9 Feb 2023
- 2022Speech Synthesis with Mixed Emotions11 Aug 2022
- 2022GlowVC: Mel-spectrogram space disentangling model for language-independent text-free voice conversion4 Jul 2022
17 more
- 2022i-Code: An Integrative and Composable Multimodal Learning Framework3 May 2022
- 2022Enhancing Zero-Shot Many to Many Voice Conversion with Self-Attention VAE30 Mar 2022
- 2022An Overview & Analysis of Sequence-to-Sequence Emotional Voice Conversion29 Mar 2022
- 2021Towards Identity Preserving Normal to Dysarthric Voice Conversion15 Oct 2021
- 2021ESPnet2-TTS: Extending the Edge of TTS Research15 Oct 2021
- 2021Multi-View Self-Attention Based Transformer for Speaker Recognition11 Oct 2021
- 2021Time Alignment using Lip Images for Frame-based Electrolaryngeal Voice Conversion8 Sep 2021
- 2021StarGANv2-VC: A Diverse, Unsupervised, Non-parallel Framework for Natural-Sounding Voice Conversion21 Jul 2021
- 2021On Prosody Modeling for ASR+TTS based Voice Conversion20 Jul 2021
- 2021A Preliminary Study of a Two-Stage Paradigm for Preserving Speaker Identity in Dysarthric Voice Conversion2 Jun 2021
- 2021Emotional Voice Conversion: Theory, Databases and ESD31 May 2021
- 2021SpeechNet: A Universal Modularized Model for Speech Processing Tasks7 May 2021
- 2021Non-autoregressive sequence-to-sequence voice conversion14 Apr 2021
- 2021Assem-VC: Realistic Voice Conversion by Assembling Modern Speech Synthesis Techniques2 Apr 2021
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forward25 Feb 2021
- 2021Axial Residual Networks for CycleGAN-based Voice Conversion16 Feb 2021
- 2021EMA2S: An End-to-End Multimodal Articulatory-to-Speech System7 Feb 2021
- 2021Emotional Voice Conversion: Theory, Databases and ESDcited by 113
- 2021Deepfakes Generation and Detection: State-of-the-art, open challenges, countermeasures, and way forwardcited by 82
- 2023A Text-guided Protein Design Frameworkcited by 61
- 2021StarGANv2-VC: A Diverse, Unsupervised, Non-parallel Framework for Natural-Sounding Voice Conversioncited by 57
- 2023Transformers in Speech Processing: A Surveycited by 38
- 2022Speech Synthesis with Mixed Emotionscited by 28
- 2023The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 2023cited by 25
- 2022i-Code: An Integrative and Composable Multimodal Learning Frameworkcited by 24
- 2021ESPnet2-TTS: Extending the Edge of TTS Researchcited by 22
- 2021SpeechNet: A Universal Modularized Model for Speech Processing Taskscited by 16
- 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 15
- 2021Assem-VC: Realistic Voice Conversion by Assembling Modern Speech Synthesis Techniquescited by 11
12 most cited of 29 All 29 (JSON)
- 2025Generative Adversarial Network based Voice Conversion: Techniques, Challenges, and Recent Advancements27 Apr 2025
- 2024A Pilot Study of Applying Sequence-to-Sequence Voice Conversion to Evaluate the Intelligibility of L2 Speech Using a Native Speaker's Shadowings3 Oct 2024
- 2024Disentangling segmental and prosodic factors to non-native speech comprehensibility20 Aug 2024
- 2024Multilingual Prosody Transfer: Comparing Supervised & Transfer Learning23 May 2024
- 2023Parallel and Limited Data Voice Conversion Using Stochastic Variational Deep Kernel Learning8 Sep 2023
- 2023Evaluating Methods for Ground-Truth-Free Foreign Accent Conversion5 Sep 2023
- 2023The Singing Voice Conversion Challenge 202326 Jun 2023
- 2023The Age of Synthetic Realities: Challenges and Opportunities9 Jun 2023
- 2023Transformers in Speech Processing: A Survey21 Mar 2023
- 2023A Text-guided Protein Design Framework9 Feb 2023
- 2022Speech Synthesis with Mixed Emotions11 Aug 2022
- 2022GlowVC: Mel-spectrogram space disentangling model for language-independent text-free voice conversion4 Jul 2022
12 newest of 29 All 29 (JSON)