Measuring Social Bias in Knowledge Graph Embeddings
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Abstract (arXiv)
It has recently been shown that word embeddings encode social biases, with a harmful impact on downstream tasks. However, to this point there has been no similar work done in the field of graph embeddings. We present the first study on social bias in knowledge graph embeddings, and propose a new metric suitable for measuring such bias. We conduct experiments on Wikidata and Freebase, and show that, as with word embeddings, harmful social biases related to professions are encoded in the embeddings with respect to gender, religion, ethnicity and nationality. For example, graph embeddings encode the information that men are more likely to be bankers, and women more likely to be homekeepers. As graph embeddings become increasingly utilized, we suggest that it is important the existence of such biases are understood and steps taken to mitigate their impact.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 5 Dec 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 4; 2022: 6; 2023: 4; 2024: 1; 2025: 2.
17 papers.
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- 2022Fairness in Graph Mining: A Surveycited by 76
- 2022Theories of "Gender" in NLP Bias Researchcited by 62
- 2023Sociodemographic Bias in Language Models: A Survey and Forward Pathcited by 28
- 2021Knowledge Sheaves: A Sheaf-Theoretic Framework for Knowledge Graph Embeddingcited by 11
- 2021Highly Efficient Knowledge Graph Embedding Learning with Orthogonal Procrustes Analysiscited by 10
- 2022KALM: Knowledge-Aware Integration of Local, Document, and Global Contexts for Long Document Understandingcited by 9
- 2021Analyzing Race and Country of Citizenship Bias in Wikidatacited by 6
- 2021Towards Automatic Bias Detection in Knowledge Graphscited by 6
- 2022Mitigating Relational Bias on Knowledge Graphscited by 6
- 2023Erasure of Unaligned Attributes from Neural Representationscited by 6
- 2022The Lifecycle of "Facts": A Survey of Social Bias in Knowledge Graphscited by 4
- 2025Social Biases in Knowledge Representations of Wikidata separates Global North from Global Southcited by 3
5 more
- 2023Diversity matters: Robustness of bias measurements in Wikidatacited by 2
- 2023How Contentious Terms About People and Cultures are Used in Linked Open Datacited by 2
- 2025Benchmarking Fairness-aware Graph Neural Networks in Knowledge Graphscited by 2
- 2022Network Report: A Structured Description for Network Datasetscited by 1
- 2024Mining Path Association Rules in Large Property Graphs (with Appendix)cited by 0
- 2025Benchmarking Fairness-aware Graph Neural Networks in Knowledge Graphs21 Oct 2025
- 2025Social Biases in Knowledge Representations of Wikidata separates Global North from Global South5 May 2025
- 2024Mining Path Association Rules in Large Property Graphs (with Appendix)4 Aug 2024
- 2023How Contentious Terms About People and Cultures are Used in Linked Open Data13 Nov 2023
- 2023Sociodemographic Bias in Language Models: A Survey and Forward Path13 Jun 2023
- 2023Diversity matters: Robustness of bias measurements in Wikidata27 Feb 2023
- 2023Erasure of Unaligned Attributes from Neural Representations6 Feb 2023
- 2022Mitigating Relational Bias on Knowledge Graphs26 Nov 2022
- 2022KALM: Knowledge-Aware Integration of Local, Document, and Global Contexts for Long Document Understanding8 Oct 2022
- 2022The Lifecycle of "Facts": A Survey of Social Bias in Knowledge Graphs7 Oct 2022
- 2022Network Report: A Structured Description for Network Datasets8 Jun 2022
- 2022Theories of "Gender" in NLP Bias Research5 May 2022
5 more
- 2022Fairness in Graph Mining: A Survey21 Apr 2022
- 2021Knowledge Sheaves: A Sheaf-Theoretic Framework for Knowledge Graph Embedding7 Oct 2021
- 2021Towards Automatic Bias Detection in Knowledge Graphs19 Sep 2021
- 2021Analyzing Race and Country of Citizenship Bias in Wikidata11 Aug 2021
- 2021Highly Efficient Knowledge Graph Embedding Learning with Orthogonal Procrustes Analysis10 Apr 2021
- 2022Fairness in Graph Mining: A Surveycited by 76
- 2022Theories of "Gender" in NLP Bias Researchcited by 62
- 2023Sociodemographic Bias in Language Models: A Survey and Forward Pathcited by 28
- 2021Knowledge Sheaves: A Sheaf-Theoretic Framework for Knowledge Graph Embeddingcited by 11
- 2021Highly Efficient Knowledge Graph Embedding Learning with Orthogonal Procrustes Analysiscited by 10
- 2022KALM: Knowledge-Aware Integration of Local, Document, and Global Contexts for Long Document Understandingcited by 9
- 2021Analyzing Race and Country of Citizenship Bias in Wikidatacited by 6
- 2021Towards Automatic Bias Detection in Knowledge Graphscited by 6
- 2022Mitigating Relational Bias on Knowledge Graphscited by 6
- 2023Erasure of Unaligned Attributes from Neural Representationscited by 6
- 2022The Lifecycle of "Facts": A Survey of Social Bias in Knowledge Graphscited by 4
- 2025Social Biases in Knowledge Representations of Wikidata separates Global North from Global Southcited by 3
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2025Benchmarking Fairness-aware Graph Neural Networks in Knowledge Graphs21 Oct 2025
- 2025Social Biases in Knowledge Representations of Wikidata separates Global North from Global South5 May 2025
- 2024Mining Path Association Rules in Large Property Graphs (with Appendix)4 Aug 2024
- 2023How Contentious Terms About People and Cultures are Used in Linked Open Data13 Nov 2023
- 2023Sociodemographic Bias in Language Models: A Survey and Forward Path13 Jun 2023
- 2023Diversity matters: Robustness of bias measurements in Wikidata27 Feb 2023
- 2023Erasure of Unaligned Attributes from Neural Representations6 Feb 2023
- 2022Mitigating Relational Bias on Knowledge Graphs26 Nov 2022
- 2022KALM: Knowledge-Aware Integration of Local, Document, and Global Contexts for Long Document Understanding8 Oct 2022
- 2022The Lifecycle of "Facts": A Survey of Social Bias in Knowledge Graphs7 Oct 2022
- 2022Network Report: A Structured Description for Network Datasets8 Jun 2022
- 2022Theories of "Gender" in NLP Bias Research5 May 2022
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)