Sketch2Code: Transformation of Sketches to UI in Real-time Using Deep Neural Network
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
User Interface (UI) prototyping is a necessary step in the early stages of application development. Transforming sketches of a Graphical User Interface (UI) into a coded UI application is an uninspired but time-consuming task performed by a UI designer. An automated system that can replace human efforts for straightforward implementation of UI designs will greatly speed up this procedure. The works that propose such a system primarily focus on using UI wireframes as input rather than hand-drawn sketches. In this paper, we put forward a novel approach wherein we employ a Deep Neural Network that is trained on our custom database of such sketches to detect UI elements in the input sketch. Detection of objects in sketches is a peculiar visual recognition task that requires a specific solution that our deep neural network model attempts to provide. The output from the network is a platform-independent UI representation object. The UI representation object is a dictionary of key-value pairs to represent the UI elements recognized along with their properties. This is further consumed by our UI parser which creates code for different platforms. The intrinsic platform-independence allows the model to create a UI prototype for multiple platforms with single training. This two-step approach without the need for two trained models improves over other methods giving time-efficient results (average time: 129 ms) with good accuracy.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Oct 2019.
Builds on
No reference list yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 4; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.
21 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2024Interaction2Code: Benchmarking MLLM-based Interactive Webpage Code Generation from Interactive Prototypingcited by 50
- 2025DesignBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for MLLM-based Front-end Code Generationcited by 41
- 2023Spellburst: A Node-based Interface for Exploratory Creative Coding with Natural Language Promptscited by 30
- 2024Sketch2Code: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Interactive Web Design Prototypingcited by 29
- 2024MRWeb: An Exploration of Generating Multi-Page Resource-Aware Web Code from UI Designscited by 23
- 2024IW-Bench: Evaluating Large Multimodal Models for Converting Image-to-Webcited by 16
- 2025WebMMU: A Benchmark for Multimodal Multilingual Website Understanding and Code Generationcited by 16
- 2026OCRVerse: Towards Holistic OCR in End-to-End Vision-Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025Widget2Code: From Visual Widgets to UI Code via Multimodal LLMscited by 8
- 2026VCG-Bench: Towards A Unified Visual-Centric Benchmark for Structured Generation and Editingcited by 6
- 2025EfficientUICoder: A Bidirectional Token Compression Framework for Efficient MLLM-Based UI Code Generationcited by 4
- 2025UI-UG: A Unified MLLM for UI Understanding and Generationcited by 4
9 more
- 2021Text2App: A Framework for Creating Android Apps from Text Descriptionscited by 3
- 2021Automatic code generation from sketches of mobile applications in end-user development using Deep Learningcited by 2
- 2022ULDGNN: A Fragmented UI Layer Detector Based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2026CoGen: Creation of Reusable UI Components in Figma via Textual Commandscited by 2
- 2022UI Layers Merger: Merging UI layers via Visual Learning and Boundary Priorcited by 1
- 2022Sketch2FullStack: Generating Skeleton Code of Full Stack Website and Application from Sketch using Deep Learning and Computer Visioncited by 1
- 2025Sketch-to-Layout: Sketch-Guided Multimodal Layout Generationcited by 0
- 2026Decomposer: Learning to Decompile Symbolic Music to Programscited by 0
- 2026Design Theater: Evaluating the Gap Between User-Facing Design Reasoning and Implementation in Generative UI Toolscited by 0
- 2026Design Theater: Evaluating the Gap Between User-Facing Design Reasoning and Implementation in Generative UI Tools24 Jul 2026
- 2026Decomposer: Learning to Decompile Symbolic Music to Programs2 Jul 2026
- 2026VCG-Bench: Towards A Unified Visual-Centric Benchmark for Structured Generation and Editing15 May 2026
- 2026OCRVerse: Towards Holistic OCR in End-to-End Vision-Language Models29 Jan 2026
- 2026CoGen: Creation of Reusable UI Components in Figma via Textual Commands15 Jan 2026
- 2025Widget2Code: From Visual Widgets to UI Code via Multimodal LLMs22 Dec 2025
- 2025Sketch-to-Layout: Sketch-Guided Multimodal Layout Generation31 Oct 2025
- 2025UI-UG: A Unified MLLM for UI Understanding and Generation29 Sep 2025
- 2025EfficientUICoder: A Bidirectional Token Compression Framework for Efficient MLLM-Based UI Code Generation15 Sep 2025
- 2025WebMMU: A Benchmark for Multimodal Multilingual Website Understanding and Code Generation22 Aug 2025
- 2025DesignBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for MLLM-based Front-end Code Generation6 Jun 2025
- 2024MRWeb: An Exploration of Generating Multi-Page Resource-Aware Web Code from UI Designs19 Dec 2024
9 more
- 2024Interaction2Code: Benchmarking MLLM-based Interactive Webpage Code Generation from Interactive Prototyping5 Nov 2024
- 2024Sketch2Code: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Interactive Web Design Prototyping21 Oct 2024
- 2024IW-Bench: Evaluating Large Multimodal Models for Converting Image-to-Web14 Sep 2024
- 2023Spellburst: A Node-based Interface for Exploratory Creative Coding with Natural Language Prompts7 Aug 2023
- 2022Sketch2FullStack: Generating Skeleton Code of Full Stack Website and Application from Sketch using Deep Learning and Computer Vision26 Nov 2022
- 2022ULDGNN: A Fragmented UI Layer Detector Based on Graph Neural Networks13 Aug 2022
- 2022UI Layers Merger: Merging UI layers via Visual Learning and Boundary Prior18 Jun 2022
- 2021Text2App: A Framework for Creating Android Apps from Text Descriptions16 Apr 2021
- 2021Automatic code generation from sketches of mobile applications in end-user development using Deep Learning9 Mar 2021
- 2024Sketch2Code: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Interactive Web Design Prototypingcited by 29
- 2024IW-Bench: Evaluating Large Multimodal Models for Converting Image-to-Webcited by 16
- 2026OCRVerse: Towards Holistic OCR in End-to-End Vision-Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025Widget2Code: From Visual Widgets to UI Code via Multimodal LLMscited by 8
- 2026VCG-Bench: Towards A Unified Visual-Centric Benchmark for Structured Generation and Editingcited by 6
- 2025UI-UG: A Unified MLLM for UI Understanding and Generationcited by 4
- 2026VCG-Bench: Towards A Unified Visual-Centric Benchmark for Structured Generation and Editing15 May 2026
- 2026OCRVerse: Towards Holistic OCR in End-to-End Vision-Language Models29 Jan 2026
- 2025Widget2Code: From Visual Widgets to UI Code via Multimodal LLMs22 Dec 2025
- 2025UI-UG: A Unified MLLM for UI Understanding and Generation29 Sep 2025
- 2024Sketch2Code: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Interactive Web Design Prototyping21 Oct 2024
- 2024IW-Bench: Evaluating Large Multimodal Models for Converting Image-to-Web14 Sep 2024
- 2024Interaction2Code: Benchmarking MLLM-based Interactive Webpage Code Generation from Interactive Prototypingcited by 50
- 2025DesignBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for MLLM-based Front-end Code Generationcited by 41
- 2023Spellburst: A Node-based Interface for Exploratory Creative Coding with Natural Language Promptscited by 30
- 2024MRWeb: An Exploration of Generating Multi-Page Resource-Aware Web Code from UI Designscited by 23
- 2025WebMMU: A Benchmark for Multimodal Multilingual Website Understanding and Code Generationcited by 16
- 2021Text2App: A Framework for Creating Android Apps from Text Descriptionscited by 3
- 2021Automatic code generation from sketches of mobile applications in end-user development using Deep Learningcited by 2
- 2022ULDGNN: A Fragmented UI Layer Detector Based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
- 2026CoGen: Creation of Reusable UI Components in Figma via Textual Commandscited by 2
- 2022UI Layers Merger: Merging UI layers via Visual Learning and Boundary Priorcited by 1
- 2022Sketch2FullStack: Generating Skeleton Code of Full Stack Website and Application from Sketch using Deep Learning and Computer Visioncited by 1
- 2025Sketch-to-Layout: Sketch-Guided Multimodal Layout Generationcited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026Design Theater: Evaluating the Gap Between User-Facing Design Reasoning and Implementation in Generative UI Tools24 Jul 2026
- 2026Decomposer: Learning to Decompile Symbolic Music to Programs2 Jul 2026
- 2026CoGen: Creation of Reusable UI Components in Figma via Textual Commands15 Jan 2026
- 2025Sketch-to-Layout: Sketch-Guided Multimodal Layout Generation31 Oct 2025
- 2025WebMMU: A Benchmark for Multimodal Multilingual Website Understanding and Code Generation22 Aug 2025
- 2025DesignBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for MLLM-based Front-end Code Generation6 Jun 2025
- 2024MRWeb: An Exploration of Generating Multi-Page Resource-Aware Web Code from UI Designs19 Dec 2024
- 2024Interaction2Code: Benchmarking MLLM-based Interactive Webpage Code Generation from Interactive Prototyping5 Nov 2024
- 2023Spellburst: A Node-based Interface for Exploratory Creative Coding with Natural Language Prompts7 Aug 2023
- 2022Sketch2FullStack: Generating Skeleton Code of Full Stack Website and Application from Sketch using Deep Learning and Computer Vision26 Nov 2022
- 2022ULDGNN: A Fragmented UI Layer Detector Based on Graph Neural Networks13 Aug 2022
- 2022UI Layers Merger: Merging UI layers via Visual Learning and Boundary Prior18 Jun 2022
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)