mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Sketch2Code: Transformation of Sketches to UI in Real-time Using Deep Neural Network

arXiv 1910.08930 ↗First posted 20 Oct 2019cs.CV cs.LG eess.IVcited by 21

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Abstract (arXiv)

User Interface (UI) prototyping is a necessary step in the early stages of application development. Transforming sketches of a Graphical User Interface (UI) into a coded UI application is an uninspired but time-consuming task performed by a UI designer. An automated system that can replace human efforts for straightforward implementation of UI designs will greatly speed up this procedure. The works that propose such a system primarily focus on using UI wireframes as input rather than hand-drawn sketches. In this paper, we put forward a novel approach wherein we employ a Deep Neural Network that is trained on our custom database of such sketches to detect UI elements in the input sketch. Detection of objects in sketches is a peculiar visual recognition task that requires a specific solution that our deep neural network model attempts to provide. The output from the network is a platform-independent UI representation object. The UI representation object is a dictionary of key-value pairs to represent the UI elements recognized along with their properties. This is further consumed by our UI parser which creates code for different platforms. The intrinsic platform-independence allows the model to create a UI prototype for multiple platforms with single training. This two-step approach without the need for two trained models improves over other methods giving time-efficient results (average time: 129 ms) with good accuracy.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Oct 2019.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 3; 2023: 1; 2024: 4; 2025: 6; 2026: 5.

21 papers.

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  1. 2024Interaction2Code: Benchmarking MLLM-based Interactive Webpage Code Generation from Interactive Prototypingcited by 50
  2. 2025DesignBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for MLLM-based Front-end Code Generationcited by 41
  3. 2023Spellburst: A Node-based Interface for Exploratory Creative Coding with Natural Language Promptscited by 30
  4. 2024Sketch2Code: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Interactive Web Design Prototypingcited by 29
  5. 2024MRWeb: An Exploration of Generating Multi-Page Resource-Aware Web Code from UI Designscited by 23
  6. 2024IW-Bench: Evaluating Large Multimodal Models for Converting Image-to-Webcited by 16
  7. 2025WebMMU: A Benchmark for Multimodal Multilingual Website Understanding and Code Generationcited by 16
  8. 2026OCRVerse: Towards Holistic OCR in End-to-End Vision-Language Modelscited by 10
  9. 2025Widget2Code: From Visual Widgets to UI Code via Multimodal LLMscited by 8
  10. 2026VCG-Bench: Towards A Unified Visual-Centric Benchmark for Structured Generation and Editingcited by 6
  11. 2025EfficientUICoder: A Bidirectional Token Compression Framework for Efficient MLLM-Based UI Code Generationcited by 4
  12. 2025UI-UG: A Unified MLLM for UI Understanding and Generationcited by 4
9 more
  1. 2021Text2App: A Framework for Creating Android Apps from Text Descriptionscited by 3
  2. 2021Automatic code generation from sketches of mobile applications in end-user development using Deep Learningcited by 2
  3. 2022ULDGNN: A Fragmented UI Layer Detector Based on Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
  4. 2026CoGen: Creation of Reusable UI Components in Figma via Textual Commandscited by 2
  5. 2022UI Layers Merger: Merging UI layers via Visual Learning and Boundary Priorcited by 1
  6. 2022Sketch2FullStack: Generating Skeleton Code of Full Stack Website and Application from Sketch using Deep Learning and Computer Visioncited by 1
  7. 2025Sketch-to-Layout: Sketch-Guided Multimodal Layout Generationcited by 0
  8. 2026Decomposer: Learning to Decompile Symbolic Music to Programscited by 0
  9. 2026Design Theater: Evaluating the Gap Between User-Facing Design Reasoning and Implementation in Generative UI Toolscited by 0