Soft-Label Dataset Distillation and Text Dataset Distillation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Dataset distillation is a method for reducing dataset sizes by learning a small number of synthetic samples containing all the information of a large dataset. This has several benefits like speeding up model training, reducing energy consumption, and reducing required storage space. Currently, each synthetic sample is assigned a single `hard' label, and also, dataset distillation can currently only be used with image data. We propose to simultaneously distill both images and their labels, thus assigning each synthetic sample a `soft' label (a distribution of labels). Our algorithm increases accuracy by 2-4% over the original algorithm for several image classification tasks. Using `soft' labels also enables distilled datasets to consist of fewer samples than there are classes as each sample can encode information for multiple classes. For example, training a LeNet model with 10 distilled images (one per class) results in over 96% accuracy on MNIST, and almost 92% accuracy when trained on just 5 distilled images. We also extend the dataset distillation algorithm to distill sequential datasets including texts. We demonstrate that text distillation outperforms other methods across multiple datasets. For example, models attain almost their original accuracy on the IMDB sentiment analysis task using just 20 distilled sentences. Our code can be found at hrefhttps://github.com/ilia10000/dataset-distillationhttps://github.com/ilia10000/dataset-distillation.
Key facts. Cited by 107 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Oct 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 22; 2023: 25; 2024: 29; 2025: 14; 2026: 10.
107 papers.
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- 2022Dataset Distillation by Matching Training Trajectoriescited by 442
- 2021Dataset Condensation with Distribution Matchingcited by 365
- 2021Dataset Condensation with Differentiable Siamese Augmentationcited by 291
- 2021Dataset Distillation with Infinitely Wide Convolutional Networkscited by 218
- 2022Dataset Condensation via Efficient Synthetic-Data Parameterizationcited by 188
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- 2022Minimizing the Accumulated Trajectory Error to Improve Dataset Distillationcited by 142
- 2022Dataset Pruning: Reducing Training Data by Examining Generalization Influencecited by 133
- 2023Dataset Distillation: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 127
- 2023Generalizing Dataset Distillation via Deep Generative Priorcited by 126
- 2023Improved Distribution Matching for Dataset Condensationcited by 124
- 2022Privacy for Free: How does Dataset Condensation Help Privacy?cited by 120
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- 2023Data Distillation: A Surveycited by 87
- 2022Synthesizing Informative Training Samples with GANcited by 77
- 2022FedDM: Iterative Distribution Matching for Communication-Efficient Federated Learningcited by 66
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- 2021Soft-Label Anonymous Gastric X-ray Image Distillationcited by 51
- 2022Federated Learning via Decentralized Dataset Distillation in Resource-Constrained Edge Environmentscited by 49
- 2021Federated Learning Meets Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 43
- 2022Delving into Effective Gradient Matching for Dataset Condensationcited by 40
- 2022Submodularity In Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligencecited by 38
- 2022Compressed Gastric Image Generation Based on Soft-Label Dataset Distillation for Medical Data Sharingcited by 35
- 2023A Survey on Dataset Distillation: Approaches, Applications and Future Directionscited by 32
- 2024A Label is Worth a Thousand Images in Dataset Distillationcited by 31
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- 2023MIM4DD: Mutual Information Maximization for Dataset Distillationcited by 21
- 2024DiLM: Distilling Dataset into Language Model for Text-level Dataset Distillationcited by 20
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- 2025Dataset Distillation via Vision-Language Category Prototypecited by 19
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- 2024Generative Dataset Distillation: Balancing Global Structure and Local Detailscited by 18
- 2024Emphasizing Discriminative Features for Dataset Distillation in Complex Scenarioscited by 18
- 2024Towards Adversarially Robust Dataset Distillation by Curvature Regularizationcited by 17
- 2023Unlocking the Potential of Federated Learning: The Symphony of Dataset Distillation via Deep Generative Latentscited by 16
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- 2022On the Informativeness of Supervision Signalscited by 12
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- 2022Learning to Generate Synthetic Training Data using Gradient Matching and Implicit Differentiationcited by 11
50 most cited of 107 All 107 (JSON)
- 2026Space Over Statistic, Retraining Over Ranking: Auditing Training Labels Under Label-Only Backdoors9 Oct 2026
- 2026Synthetic Data Characterization via Training Dynamics30 Sep 2026
- 2026Is Human-Readable Text Necessary for Effective LLM Fine-Tuning?26 Sep 2026
- 2026Dataset Distillation by Influence Matching18 Jul 2026
- 2026TAKE: Trajectory-Aware Knowledge Estimation for Text Dataset Distillation13 Jun 2026
- 2026Semi-Supervised Text-Attributed Graph Distillation27 May 2026
- 2026Federated Distillation for Whole Slide Image via Gaussian-Mixture Feature Alignment and Curriculum Integration1 May 2026
- 2026From Fewer Samples to Fewer Bits: Reframing Dataset Distillation as Joint Optimization of Precision and Compactness2 Mar 2026
- 2026A Dataset is Worth 1 MB26 Feb 2026
- 2026Towards Realistic Remote Sensing Dataset Distillation with Discriminative Prototype-guided Diffusion22 Jan 2026
- 2025TrajSyn: Privacy-Preserving Dataset Distillation from Federated Model Trajectories for Server-Side Adversarial Training17 Dec 2025
- 2025Technical Report on Text Dataset Distillation3 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025Rectifying Soft-Label Entangled Bias in Long-Tailed Dataset Distillation22 Nov 2025
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- 2025Efficient Dataset Distillation through Low-Rank Space Sampling11 Mar 2025
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- 2025Synthetic Text Generation for Training Large Language Models via Gradient Matching24 Feb 2025
- 2025On Learning Representations for Tabular Data Distillation23 Jan 2025
- 2025Efficient Semi-Supervised Adversarial Training via Latent Clustering-Based Data Reduction15 Jan 2025
- 2024FairDD: Fair Dataset Distillation29 Nov 2024
- 2024Quantifying Knowledge Distillation Using Partial Information Decomposition12 Nov 2024
- 2024Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning via Dataset Distillation25 Oct 2024
- 2024Emphasizing Discriminative Features for Dataset Distillation in Complex Scenarios22 Oct 2024
- 2024What's New in My Data? Novelty Exploration via Contrastive Generation18 Oct 2024
- 2024DistDD: Distributed Data Distillation Aggregation through Gradient Matching11 Oct 2024
- 2024Teddy: Efficient Large-Scale Dataset Distillation via Taylor-Approximated Matching10 Oct 2024
- 2024Dataset Distillation-based Hybrid Federated Learning on Non-IID Data26 Sep 2024
- 2024Applications of Knowledge Distillation in Remote Sensing: A Survey18 Sep 2024
- 2024UDD: Dataset Distillation via Mining Underutilized Regions29 Aug 2024
- 2024Heavy Labels Out! Dataset Distillation with Label Space Lightening15 Aug 2024
- 2024One-Shot Collaborative Data Distillation5 Aug 2024
- 2024Dataset Distillation by Automatic Training Trajectories19 Jul 2024
- 2024TinyGraph: Joint Feature and Node Condensation for Graph Neural Networks10 Jul 2024
- 2024Breaking Resource Barriers in Speech Emotion Recognition via Data Distillation21 Jun 2024
- 2024A Label is Worth a Thousand Images in Dataset Distillation15 Jun 2024
- 2024GIFT: Unlocking Full Potential of Labels in Distilled Dataset at Near-zero Cost23 May 2024
- 2024Generative Dataset Distillation: Balancing Global Structure and Local Details26 Apr 2024
- 2024Brain-Inspired Continual Learning-Robust Feature Distillation and Re-Consolidation for Class Incremental Learning22 Apr 2024
- 2024Distilled Datamodel with Reverse Gradient Matching22 Apr 2024
- 2024DRoP: Distributionally Robust Data Pruning8 Apr 2024
- 2024DiLM: Distilling Dataset into Language Model for Text-level Dataset Distillation30 Mar 2024
- 2024Exploring the potential of prototype-based soft-labels data distillation for imbalanced data classification25 Mar 2024
- 2024DD-RobustBench: An Adversarial Robustness Benchmark for Dataset Distillation20 Mar 2024
- 2024Distilling Datasets Into Less Than One Image18 Mar 2024
- 2024Automated data processing and feature engineering for deep learning and big data applications: a survey18 Mar 2024
50 newest of 107 All 107 (JSON)
- 2025Distilling Reinforcement Learning into Single-Batch Datasets12 Aug 2025
- 2023Label Poisoning is All You Needcited by 29
- 2023Label Poisoning is All You Need29 Oct 2023
- 2026Synthetic Data Characterization via Training Dynamicscited by 0
- 2026Synthetic Data Characterization via Training Dynamics30 Sep 2026
- 2022Dataset Distillation by Matching Training Trajectoriescited by 442
- 2021Dataset Condensation with Distribution Matchingcited by 365
- 2021Dataset Condensation with Differentiable Siamese Augmentationcited by 291
- 2021Dataset Distillation with Infinitely Wide Convolutional Networkscited by 218
- 2022Dataset Condensation via Efficient Synthetic-Data Parameterizationcited by 188
- 2023Getting aligned on representational alignmentcited by 143
- 2022Minimizing the Accumulated Trajectory Error to Improve Dataset Distillationcited by 142
- 2022Dataset Pruning: Reducing Training Data by Examining Generalization Influencecited by 133
- 2023Dataset Distillation: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 127
- 2023Generalizing Dataset Distillation via Deep Generative Priorcited by 126
- 2023Improved Distribution Matching for Dataset Condensationcited by 124
- 2022Privacy for Free: How does Dataset Condensation Help Privacy?cited by 120
12 most cited of 100 All 100 (JSON)
- 2026Space Over Statistic, Retraining Over Ranking: Auditing Training Labels Under Label-Only Backdoors9 Oct 2026
- 2026Is Human-Readable Text Necessary for Effective LLM Fine-Tuning?26 Sep 2026
- 2026Dataset Distillation by Influence Matching18 Jul 2026
- 2026TAKE: Trajectory-Aware Knowledge Estimation for Text Dataset Distillation13 Jun 2026
- 2026Semi-Supervised Text-Attributed Graph Distillation27 May 2026
- 2026Federated Distillation for Whole Slide Image via Gaussian-Mixture Feature Alignment and Curriculum Integration1 May 2026
- 2026From Fewer Samples to Fewer Bits: Reframing Dataset Distillation as Joint Optimization of Precision and Compactness2 Mar 2026
- 2026A Dataset is Worth 1 MB26 Feb 2026
- 2025TrajSyn: Privacy-Preserving Dataset Distillation from Federated Model Trajectories for Server-Side Adversarial Training17 Dec 2025
- 2025Technical Report on Text Dataset Distillation3 Dec 2025
- 2025Rectifying Soft-Label Entangled Bias in Long-Tailed Dataset Distillation22 Nov 2025
- 2025Not All Instances Are Equally Valuable: Towards Influence-Weighted Dataset Distillation31 Oct 2025
12 newest of 100 All 100 (JSON)