RouteNet: Leveraging Graph Neural Networks for network modeling and optimization in SDN
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Abstract (arXiv)
Network modeling is a key enabler to achieve efficient network operation in future self-driving Software-Defined Networks. However, we still lack functional network models able to produce accurate predictions of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) such as delay, jitter or loss at limited cost. In this paper we propose RouteNet, a novel network model based on Graph Neural Network (GNN) that is able to understand the complex relationship between topology, routing, and input traffic to produce accurate estimates of the per-source/destination per-packet delay distribution and loss. RouteNet leverages the ability of GNNs to learn and model graph-structured information and as a result, our model is able to generalize over arbitrary topologies, routing schemes and traffic intensity. In our evaluation, we show that RouteNet is able to predict accurately the delay distribution (mean delay and jitter) and loss even in topologies, routing and traffic unseen in the training (worst case MRE=15.4%). Also, we present several use cases where we leverage the KPI predictions of our GNN model to achieve efficient routing optimization and network planning.
Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Oct 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 7; 2023: 6; 2024: 9; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.
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- 2026From Simulation to Deep Learning: Survey on Network Performance Modeling Approaches30 Mar 2026
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- 2025Let the Barbarians In: How AI Can Accelerate Systems Performance Research16 Dec 2025
- 2025M3Net: A Multi-Metric Mixture of Experts Network Digital Twin with Graph Neural Networks10 Dec 2025
- 2025RELiQ: Scalable Entanglement Routing via Reinforcement Learning in Quantum Networks27 Nov 2025
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- 2025m4: A Learned Flow-level Network Simulator3 Mar 2025
- 2024GDSG: Graph Diffusion-based Solution Generator for Optimization Problems in MEC Networks11 Dec 2024
- 2024Diffusion Models as Network Optimizers: Explorations and Analysis1 Nov 2024
- 2024NetDiff: Graph Diffusion with Improved Global Capabilities to Generate and Update Mobile Network Topologies9 Oct 2024
- 2024Biased Backpressure Routing Using Link Features and Graph Neural Networks13 Jul 2024
- 2024Survey of Graph Neural Network for Internet of Things and NextG Networks27 May 2024
- 2024Improving the Real-Data Driven Network Evaluation Model for Digital Twin Networks14 May 2024
- 2024Metarobotics for Industry and Society: Vision, Technologies, and Opportunities31 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Single-System Illusion in Software-Defined Vehicles -- Automated, AI-Powered Workflow21 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Generalizability of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Graphs with Recurrent Message Passing7 Feb 2024
- 2023Building a Graph-based Deep Learning network model from captured traffic traces18 Oct 2023
- 2023Limited Communications Distributed Optimization via Deep Unfolded Distributed ADMM21 Sep 2023
- 2023Data-driven Predictive Latency for 5G: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis Using Network Measurements5 Jul 2023
- 2023Learnable Digital Twin for Efficient Wireless Network Evaluation11 Jun 2023
- 2023FERN: Leveraging Graph Attention Networks for Failure Evaluation and Robust Network Design30 May 2023
- 2023Sequential three-way decisions with a single hidden layer feedforward neural network14 Mar 2023
- 2022Cross-network transferable neural models for WLAN interference estimation25 Nov 2022
- 2022Learning to Configure Computer Networks with Neural Algorithmic Reasoning26 Oct 2022
- 2022QT-Routenet: Improved GNN generalization to larger 5G networks by fine-tuning predictions from queueing theory13 Jul 2022
- 2022Open World Learning Graph Convolution for Latency Estimation in Routing Networks8 Jul 2022
- 2022ProGNNosis: A Data-driven Model to Predict GNN Computation Time Using Graph Metrics16 Jun 2022
- 2022Network Calculus with Flow Prolongation -- A Feedforward FIFO Analysis enabled by ML7 Feb 2022
- 2022Towards Private Learning on Decentralized Graphs with Local Differential Privacy23 Jan 2022
- 2021Physics Constrained Flow Neural Network for Short-Timescale Predictions in Data Communications Networks23 Dec 2021
- 2021ENERO: Efficient Real-Time WAN Routing Optimization with Deep Reinforcement Learning22 Sep 2021
- 2021Optimal Solving of Constrained Path-Planning Problems with Graph Convolutional Networks and Optimized Tree Search2 Aug 2021
- 2021Unveiling the potential of Graph Neural Networks for robust Intrusion Detection30 Jul 2021
- 2021The Graph Neural Networking Challenge: A Worldwide Competition for Education in AI/ML for Networks26 Jul 2021
- 2021Pairing Conceptual Modeling with Machine Learning27 Jun 2021
- 2021Graph-based Deep Learning for Communication Networks: A Survey4 Jun 2021
- 2021Machine Learning Applications in the Routing in Computer Networks5 Apr 2021
- 2021Machine Learning for Massive Industrial Internet of Things10 Mar 2021
- 2021A Review of Graph Neural Networks and Their Applications in Power Systems25 Jan 2021
- 2026Aether: Network Validation Using Agentic AI and Digital Twin20 Apr 2026
- 2021A Review of Graph Neural Networks and Their Applications in Power Systemscited by 62
- 2025Barbarians at the Gate: How AI is Upending Systems Researchcited by 48
- 2021Graph-based Deep Learning for Communication Networks: A Surveycited by 21
- 2022Towards Private Learning on Decentralized Graphs with Local Differential Privacycited by 16
- 2021Unveiling the potential of Graph Neural Networks for robust Intrusion Detectioncited by 14
- 2024Towards Generalizability of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Graphs with Recurrent Message Passingcited by 8
- 2024GDSG: Graph Diffusion-based Solution Generator for Optimization Problems in MEC Networkscited by 6
- 2021The Graph Neural Networking Challenge: A Worldwide Competition for Education in AI/ML for Networkscited by 5
- 2022Learning to Configure Computer Networks with Neural Algorithmic Reasoningcited by 5
- 2021ENERO: Efficient Real-Time WAN Routing Optimization with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2024Survey of Graph Neural Network for Internet of Things and NextG Networkscited by 4
- 2021Pairing Conceptual Modeling with Machine Learningcited by 3
12 most cited of 42 All 42 (JSON)
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- 2026GATNextHop: A GAT for Shortest Path Routing with Cross-Topology Generalization24 Aug 2026
- 2026Differentiable Policy Transport over Multi-Layer Network Feasibility Geometry2 Aug 2026
- 2026SatQNet: Satellite-assisted Quantum Network Entanglement Routing Using Directed Line Graph Neural Networks10 Apr 2026
- 2026From Simulation to Deep Learning: Survey on Network Performance Modeling Approaches30 Mar 2026
- 2025From GNNs to Symbolic Surrogates via Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks for Delay Prediction24 Dec 2025
- 2025Let the Barbarians In: How AI Can Accelerate Systems Performance Research16 Dec 2025
- 2025RELiQ: Scalable Entanglement Routing via Reinforcement Learning in Quantum Networks27 Nov 2025
- 2025Barbarians at the Gate: How AI is Upending Systems Research7 Oct 2025
- 2025Building Transparency in Deep Learning-Powered Network Traffic Classification: A Traffic-Explainer Framework22 Sep 2025
- 2025Ordered Topological Deep Learning: a Network Modeling Case Study20 Mar 2025
- 2025m4: A Learned Flow-level Network Simulator3 Mar 2025
12 newest of 42 All 42 (JSON)