mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

RouteNet: Leveraging Graph Neural Networks for network modeling and optimization in SDN

arXiv 1910.01508 ↗First posted 3 Oct 2019cs.NI cs.AI cs.LGcited by 47

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Abstract (arXiv)

Network modeling is a key enabler to achieve efficient network operation in future self-driving Software-Defined Networks. However, we still lack functional network models able to produce accurate predictions of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) such as delay, jitter or loss at limited cost. In this paper we propose RouteNet, a novel network model based on Graph Neural Network (GNN) that is able to understand the complex relationship between topology, routing, and input traffic to produce accurate estimates of the per-source/destination per-packet delay distribution and loss. RouteNet leverages the ability of GNNs to learn and model graph-structured information and as a result, our model is able to generalize over arbitrary topologies, routing schemes and traffic intensity. In our evaluation, we show that RouteNet is able to predict accurately the delay distribution (mean delay and jitter) and loss even in topologies, routing and traffic unseen in the training (worst case MRE=15.4%). Also, we present several use cases where we leverage the KPI predictions of our GNN model to achieve efficient routing optimization and network planning.

Key facts. Cited by 47 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Oct 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 10; 2022: 7; 2023: 6; 2024: 9; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.

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  1. 2021A Review of Graph Neural Networks and Their Applications in Power Systemscited by 62
  2. 2025Barbarians at the Gate: How AI is Upending Systems Researchcited by 48
  3. 2021Graph-based Deep Learning for Communication Networks: A Surveycited by 21
  4. 2022Towards Private Learning on Decentralized Graphs with Local Differential Privacycited by 16
  5. 2021Unveiling the potential of Graph Neural Networks for robust Intrusion Detectioncited by 14
  6. 2024Diffusion Models as Network Optimizers: Explorations and Analysiscited by 13
  7. 2024Towards Generalizability of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Graphs with Recurrent Message Passingcited by 8
  8. 2024GDSG: Graph Diffusion-based Solution Generator for Optimization Problems in MEC Networkscited by 6
  9. 2021The Graph Neural Networking Challenge: A Worldwide Competition for Education in AI/ML for Networkscited by 5
  10. 2022Learning to Configure Computer Networks with Neural Algorithmic Reasoningcited by 5
  11. 2021ENERO: Efficient Real-Time WAN Routing Optimization with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
  12. 2024Survey of Graph Neural Network for Internet of Things and NextG Networkscited by 4
35 more
  1. 2021Pairing Conceptual Modeling with Machine Learningcited by 3
  2. 2021Optimal Solving of Constrained Path-Planning Problems with Graph Convolutional Networks and Optimized Tree Searchcited by 3
  3. 2023Learnable Digital Twin for Efficient Wireless Network Evaluationcited by 3
  4. 2024Towards Single-System Illusion in Software-Defined Vehicles -- Automated, AI-Powered Workflowcited by 3
  5. 2022QT-Routenet: Improved GNN generalization to larger 5G networks by fine-tuning predictions from queueing theorycited by 2
  6. 2023Limited Communications Distributed Optimization via Deep Unfolded Distributed ADMMcited by 2
  7. 2023Building a Graph-based Deep Learning network model from captured traffic tracescited by 2
  8. 2024Metarobotics for Industry and Society: Vision, Technologies, and Opportunitiescited by 2
  9. 2024Biased Backpressure Routing Using Link Features and Graph Neural Networkscited by 2
  10. 2024NetDiff: Graph Diffusion with Improved Global Capabilities to Generate and Update Mobile Network Topologiescited by 2
  11. 2025Ordered Topological Deep Learning: a Network Modeling Case Studycited by 2
  12. 2025Let the Barbarians In: How AI Can Accelerate Systems Performance Researchcited by 2
  13. 2021Machine Learning for Massive Industrial Internet of Thingscited by 1
  14. 2022Open World Learning Graph Convolution for Latency Estimation in Routing Networkscited by 1
  15. 2023FERN: Leveraging Graph Attention Networks for Failure Evaluation and Robust Network Designcited by 1
  16. 2025m4: A Learned Flow-level Network Simulatorcited by 1
  17. 2025RELiQ: Scalable Entanglement Routing via Reinforcement Learning in Quantum Networkscited by 1
  18. 2021Machine Learning Applications in the Routing in Computer Networkscited by 0
  19. 2021Physics Constrained Flow Neural Network for Short-Timescale Predictions in Data Communications Networkscited by 0
  20. 2022Network Calculus with Flow Prolongation -- A Feedforward FIFO Analysis enabled by MLcited by 0
  21. 2022ProGNNosis: A Data-driven Model to Predict GNN Computation Time Using Graph Metricscited by 0
  22. 2022Cross-network transferable neural models for WLAN interference estimationcited by 0
  23. 2023Sequential three-way decisions with a single hidden layer feedforward neural networkcited by 0
  24. 2023Data-driven Predictive Latency for 5G: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis Using Network Measurementscited by 0
  25. 2024Improving the Real-Data Driven Network Evaluation Model for Digital Twin Networkscited by 0
  26. 2025Building Transparency in Deep Learning-Powered Network Traffic Classification: A Traffic-Explainer Frameworkcited by 0
  27. 2025M3Net: A Multi-Metric Mixture of Experts Network Digital Twin with Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
  28. 2025From GNNs to Symbolic Surrogates via Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks for Delay Predictioncited by 0
  29. 2026Bridging Local and Global Knowledge: Cascaded Mixture-of-Experts Learning for Near-Shortest Path Routingcited by 0
  30. 2026From Simulation to Deep Learning: Survey on Network Performance Modeling Approachescited by 0
  31. 2026SatQNet: Satellite-assisted Quantum Network Entanglement Routing Using Directed Line Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
  32. 2026Aether: Network Validation Using Agentic AI and Digital Twincited by 0
  33. 2026GATNextHop: A GAT for Shortest Path Routing with Cross-Topology Generalizationcited by 0
  34. 2026Toward Composable Network Digital Twins: A Subgraph-Based Latency Prediction Studycited by 0
  35. 2026Differentiable Policy Transport over Multi-Layer Network Feasibility Geometrycited by 0