Learning a Fixed-Length Fingerprint Representation
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present DeepPrint, a deep network, which learns to extract fixed-length fingerprint representations of only 200 bytes. DeepPrint incorporates fingerprint domain knowledge, including alignment and minutiae detection, into the deep network architecture to maximize the discriminative power of its representation. The compact, DeepPrint representation has several advantages over the prevailing variable length minutiae representation which (i) requires computationally expensive graph matching techniques, (ii) is difficult to secure using strong encryption schemes (e.g. homomorphic encryption), and (iii) has low discriminative power in poor quality fingerprints where minutiae extraction is unreliable. We benchmark DeepPrint against two top performing COTS SDKs (Verifinger and Innovatrics) from the NIST and FVC evaluations. Coupled with a re-ranking scheme, the DeepPrint rank-1 search accuracy on the NIST SD4 dataset against a gallery of 1.1 million fingerprints is comparable to the top COTS matcher, but it is significantly faster (DeepPrint: 98.80% in 0.3 seconds vs. COTS A: 98.85% in 27 seconds). To the best of our knowledge, the DeepPrint representation is the most compact and discriminative fixed-length fingerprint representation reported in the academic literature.
Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 9; 2023: 15; 2024: 7; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.
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- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verifycited by 39
- 2022PrintsGAN: Synthetic Fingerprint Generatorcited by 30
- 2021C2CL: Contact to Contactless Fingerprint Matchingcited by 28
- 2022Synthetic Data in Human Analysis: A Surveycited by 28
- 2022AFR-Net: Attention-Driven Fingerprint Recognition Networkcited by 23
- 2022SpoofGAN: Synthetic Fingerprint Spoof Imagescited by 17
- 2024IFViT: Interpretable Fixed-Length Representation for Fingerprint Matching via Vision Transformercited by 16
- 2023Latent Fingerprint Recognition: Fusion of Local and Global Embeddingscited by 13
- 2022Monocular 3D Fingerprint Reconstruction and Unwarpingcited by 11
- 2022Synthetic Latent Fingerprint Generatorcited by 11
- 2023Benchmarking fixed-length Fingerprint Representations across different Embedding Sizes and Sensor Typescited by 8
- 2023Fixed-length Dense Descriptor for Efficient Fingerprint Matchingcited by 7
37 more
- 2023FPGAN-Control: A Controllable Fingerprint Generator for Training with Synthetic Datacited by 6
- 2024Phase-aggregated Dual-branch Network for Efficient Fingerprint Dense Registrationcited by 6
- 2024Regression of Dense Distortion Field from a Single Fingerprint Imagecited by 6
- 2024Latent Fingerprint Matching via Dense Minutia Descriptorcited by 5
- 2025Finger Pose Estimation for Under-screen Fingerprint Sensorcited by 5
- 2025Fixed-Length Dense Fingerprint Representation with Alignment and Robust Enhancementcited by 5
- 2021Hand-Based Person Identification using Global and Part-Aware Deep Feature Representation Learningcited by 4
- 2022HEFT: Homomorphically Encrypted Fusion of Biometric Templatescited by 4
- 2023Joint Person Identity, Gender and Age Estimation from Hand Images using Deep Multi-Task Representation Learningcited by 4
- 2025IDFace: Face Template Protection for Efficient and Secure Identificationcited by 3
- 2023Child Palm-ID: Contactless Palmprint Recognition for Childrencited by 2
- 2023MRA-GNN: Minutiae Relation-Aware Model over Graph Neural Network for Fingerprint Embeddingcited by 2
- 2023Privacy-preserving Multi-biometric Indexing based on Frequent Binary Patternscited by 2
- 2024Blind-Match: Efficient Homomorphic Encryption-Based 1:N Matching for Privacy-Preserving Biometric Identificationcited by 2
- 2025Securing Face and Fingerprint Templates in Humanitarian Biometric Systemscited by 2
- 2022Fingerprint Template Invertibility: Minutiae vs. Deep Templatescited by 1
- 2022Learning an Ensemble of Deep Fingerprint Representationscited by 1
- 2023Multi-Biometric Fuzzy Vault based on Face and Fingerprintscited by 1
- 2023Deep Learning in the Field of Biometric Template Protection: An Overviewcited by 1
- 2023ViT Unified: Joint Fingerprint Recognition and Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 1
- 2023Improving Hand Recognition in Uncontrolled and Uncooperative Environments using Multiple Spatial Transformers and Loss Functionscited by 1
- 2024Enhancement-Driven Pretraining for Robust Fingerprint Representation Learningcited by 1
- 2025FPBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Multimodal Large Language Models for Fingerprint Analysiscited by 1
- 2026Fusion2Print: Deep Flash-Non-Flash Fusion for Contactless Fingerprint Matchingcited by 1
- 2023AdvBiom: Adversarial Attacks on Biometric Matcherscited by 0
- 2023On the Adversarial Inversion of Deep Biometric Representationscited by 0
- 2023A Universal Latent Fingerprint Enhancer Using Transformerscited by 0
- 2024Fusion of Minutia Cylinder Codes and Minutia Patch Embeddings for Latent Fingerprint Recognitioncited by 0
- 2025Closing the Performance Gap in Biometric Cryptosystems: A Deeper Analysis on Unlinkable Fuzzy Vaultscited by 0
- 2025Minutiae-Anchored Local Dense Representation for Fingerprint Matchingcited by 0
- 2025Training-free Dimensionality Reduction via Feature Truncation: Enhancing Efficiency in Privacy-preserving Multi-Biometric Systemscited by 0
- 2026Identity-Consistent Multi-Pose Generation of Contactless Fingerprintscited by 0
- 2026Towards Billion-scale Multi-modal Biometric Searchcited by 0
- 2026UoU: A Universal Fingerprint Foundation Model Based on Large-Scale Unsupervised Learningcited by 0
- 2026SLAPBench: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models for Four-Finger SLAP Fingerprint Verificationcited by 0
- 2026Progressive Learning of a Diffusion-based Inpainting Model for Separating Overlapped Fingerprintscited by 0
- 2026AFID: A Unified Open Framework for Automated Fingermark Identification, Quality Assessment and Feature Extractioncited by 0
- 2026AFID: A Unified Open Framework for Automated Fingermark Identification, Quality Assessment and Feature Extraction7 Sep 2026
- 2026Progressive Learning of a Diffusion-based Inpainting Model for Separating Overlapped Fingerprints4 Aug 2026
- 2026SLAPBench: Benchmarking Multimodal Large Language Models for Four-Finger SLAP Fingerprint Verification17 Jul 2026
- 2026UoU: A Universal Fingerprint Foundation Model Based on Large-Scale Unsupervised Learning16 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Billion-scale Multi-modal Biometric Search8 May 2026
- 2026Identity-Consistent Multi-Pose Generation of Contactless Fingerprints5 May 2026
- 2026Fusion2Print: Deep Flash-Non-Flash Fusion for Contactless Fingerprint Matching5 Jan 2026
- 2025FPBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Multimodal Large Language Models for Fingerprint Analysis19 Dec 2025
- 2025Securing Face and Fingerprint Templates in Humanitarian Biometric Systems25 Aug 2025
- 2025Training-free Dimensionality Reduction via Feature Truncation: Enhancing Efficiency in Privacy-preserving Multi-Biometric Systems15 Aug 2025
- 2025Minutiae-Anchored Local Dense Representation for Fingerprint Matching21 Jul 2025
- 2025IDFace: Face Template Protection for Efficient and Secure Identification16 Jul 2025
37 more
- 2025Closing the Performance Gap in Biometric Cryptosystems: A Deeper Analysis on Unlinkable Fuzzy Vaults27 Jun 2025
- 2025Fixed-Length Dense Fingerprint Representation with Alignment and Robust Enhancement6 May 2025
- 2025Finger Pose Estimation for Under-screen Fingerprint Sensor5 May 2025
- 2024Blind-Match: Efficient Homomorphic Encryption-Based 1:N Matching for Privacy-Preserving Biometric Identification12 Aug 2024
- 2024Latent Fingerprint Matching via Dense Minutia Descriptor2 May 2024
- 2024Regression of Dense Distortion Field from a Single Fingerprint Image26 Apr 2024
- 2024Phase-aggregated Dual-branch Network for Efficient Fingerprint Dense Registration26 Apr 2024
- 2024IFViT: Interpretable Fixed-Length Representation for Fingerprint Matching via Vision Transformer12 Apr 2024
- 2024Fusion of Minutia Cylinder Codes and Minutia Patch Embeddings for Latent Fingerprint Recognition24 Mar 2024
- 2024Enhancement-Driven Pretraining for Robust Fingerprint Representation Learning16 Feb 2024
- 2023Fixed-length Dense Descriptor for Efficient Fingerprint Matching30 Nov 2023
- 2023Improving Hand Recognition in Uncontrolled and Uncooperative Environments using Multiple Spatial Transformers and Loss Functions9 Nov 2023
- 2023FPGAN-Control: A Controllable Fingerprint Generator for Training with Synthetic Data29 Oct 2023
- 2023Privacy-preserving Multi-biometric Indexing based on Frequent Binary Patterns4 Oct 2023
- 2023MRA-GNN: Minutiae Relation-Aware Model over Graph Neural Network for Fingerprint Embedding31 Jul 2023
- 2023Benchmarking fixed-length Fingerprint Representations across different Embedding Sizes and Sensor Types17 Jul 2023
- 2023A Universal Latent Fingerprint Enhancer Using Transformers31 May 2023
- 2023ViT Unified: Joint Fingerprint Recognition and Presentation Attack Detection12 May 2023
- 2023Child Palm-ID: Contactless Palmprint Recognition for Children9 May 2023
- 2023Latent Fingerprint Recognition: Fusion of Local and Global Embeddings26 Apr 2023
- 2023On the Adversarial Inversion of Deep Biometric Representations12 Apr 2023
- 2023Joint Person Identity, Gender and Age Estimation from Hand Images using Deep Multi-Task Representation Learning27 Mar 2023
- 2023Deep Learning in the Field of Biometric Template Protection: An Overview5 Mar 2023
- 2023Multi-Biometric Fuzzy Vault based on Face and Fingerprints17 Jan 2023
- 2023AdvBiom: Adversarial Attacks on Biometric Matchers10 Jan 2023
- 2022AFR-Net: Attention-Driven Fingerprint Recognition Network25 Nov 2022
- 2022Learning an Ensemble of Deep Fingerprint Representations2 Sep 2022
- 2022Synthetic Latent Fingerprint Generator29 Aug 2022
- 2022Synthetic Data in Human Analysis: A Survey19 Aug 2022
- 2022HEFT: Homomorphically Encrypted Fusion of Biometric Templates15 Aug 2022
- 2022Fingerprint Template Invertibility: Minutiae vs. Deep Templates8 May 2022
- 2022Monocular 3D Fingerprint Reconstruction and Unwarping2 May 2022
- 2022SpoofGAN: Synthetic Fingerprint Spoof Images13 Apr 2022
- 2022PrintsGAN: Synthetic Fingerprint Generator10 Jan 2022
- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verify14 May 2021
- 2021C2CL: Contact to Contactless Fingerprint Matching6 Apr 2021
- 2021Hand-Based Person Identification using Global and Part-Aware Deep Feature Representation Learning13 Jan 2021
- 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verifycited by 39
- 2022PrintsGAN: Synthetic Fingerprint Generatorcited by 30
- 2021C2CL: Contact to Contactless Fingerprint Matchingcited by 28
- 2022Synthetic Data in Human Analysis: A Surveycited by 28
- 2022AFR-Net: Attention-Driven Fingerprint Recognition Networkcited by 23
- 2022SpoofGAN: Synthetic Fingerprint Spoof Imagescited by 17
- 2024IFViT: Interpretable Fixed-Length Representation for Fingerprint Matching via Vision Transformercited by 16
- 2023Latent Fingerprint Recognition: Fusion of Local and Global Embeddingscited by 13
- 2022Monocular 3D Fingerprint Reconstruction and Unwarpingcited by 11
- 2022Synthetic Latent Fingerprint Generatorcited by 11
- 2023Benchmarking fixed-length Fingerprint Representations across different Embedding Sizes and Sensor Typescited by 8
- 2023Fixed-length Dense Descriptor for Efficient Fingerprint Matchingcited by 7
12 most cited of 46 All 46 (JSON)
- 2026AFID: A Unified Open Framework for Automated Fingermark Identification, Quality Assessment and Feature Extraction7 Sep 2026
- 2026UoU: A Universal Fingerprint Foundation Model Based on Large-Scale Unsupervised Learning16 Jun 2026
- 2026Towards Billion-scale Multi-modal Biometric Search8 May 2026
- 2026Identity-Consistent Multi-Pose Generation of Contactless Fingerprints5 May 2026
- 2026Fusion2Print: Deep Flash-Non-Flash Fusion for Contactless Fingerprint Matching5 Jan 2026
- 2025Securing Face and Fingerprint Templates in Humanitarian Biometric Systems25 Aug 2025
- 2025Training-free Dimensionality Reduction via Feature Truncation: Enhancing Efficiency in Privacy-preserving Multi-Biometric Systems15 Aug 2025
- 2025Minutiae-Anchored Local Dense Representation for Fingerprint Matching21 Jul 2025
- 2025IDFace: Face Template Protection for Efficient and Secure Identification16 Jul 2025
- 2025Closing the Performance Gap in Biometric Cryptosystems: A Deeper Analysis on Unlinkable Fuzzy Vaults27 Jun 2025
- 2025Fixed-Length Dense Fingerprint Representation with Alignment and Robust Enhancement6 May 2025
- 2025Finger Pose Estimation for Under-screen Fingerprint Sensor5 May 2025
12 newest of 46 All 46 (JSON)