Generating Black-Box Adversarial Examples for Text Classifiers Using a Deep Reinforced Model
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recently, generating adversarial examples has become an important means of measuring robustness of a deep learning model. Adversarial examples help us identify the susceptibilities of the model and further counter those vulnerabilities by applying adversarial training techniques. In natural language domain, small perturbations in the form of misspellings or paraphrases can drastically change the semantics of the text. We propose a reinforcement learning based approach towards generating adversarial examples in black-box settings. We demonstrate that our method is able to fool well-trained models for (a) IMDB sentiment classification task and (b) AG's news corpus news categorization task with significantly high success rates. We find that the adversarial examples generated are semantics-preserving perturbations to the original text.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 3; 2023: 0; 2024: 1; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
10 papers.
- 2021R&R: Metric-guided Adversarial Sentence Generationcited by 6
- 2021Semantic-Preserving Adversarial Text Attackscited by 5
- 2022Data-Driven Mitigation of Adversarial Text Perturbationcited by 5
- 2025Trust Me, I Know This Function: Hijacking LLM Static Analysis using Biascited by 3
- 2021TREATED:Towards Universal Defense against Textual Adversarial Attackscited by 2
- 2024A Constraint-Enforcing Reward for Adversarial Attacks on Text Classifierscited by 2
- 2022A Mutation-based Text Generation for Adversarial Machine Learning Applicationscited by 1
- 2026Augmenting Text to Increase Translation Difficultycited by 1
- 2022A Simple Yet Efficient Method for Adversarial Word-Substitute Attackcited by 0
- 2026RTD-Guard: A Black-Box Textual Adversarial Detection Framework via Replacement Token Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Augmenting Text to Increase Translation Difficulty16 Aug 2026
- 2026RTD-Guard: A Black-Box Textual Adversarial Detection Framework via Replacement Token Detection13 Mar 2026
- 2025Trust Me, I Know This Function: Hijacking LLM Static Analysis using Bias24 Aug 2025
- 2024A Constraint-Enforcing Reward for Adversarial Attacks on Text Classifiers20 May 2024
- 2022A Mutation-based Text Generation for Adversarial Machine Learning Applications21 Dec 2022
- 2022A Simple Yet Efficient Method for Adversarial Word-Substitute Attack7 May 2022
- 2022Data-Driven Mitigation of Adversarial Text Perturbation19 Feb 2022
- 2021TREATED:Towards Universal Defense against Textual Adversarial Attacks13 Sep 2021
- 2021Semantic-Preserving Adversarial Text Attacks23 Aug 2021
- 2021R&R: Metric-guided Adversarial Sentence Generation17 Apr 2021