Soft Policy Gradient Method for Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Maximum entropy deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods have been demonstrated on a range of challenging continuous tasks. However, existing methods either suffer from severe instability when training on large off-policy data or cannot scale to tasks with very high state and action dimensionality such as 3D humanoid locomotion. Besides, the optimality of desired Boltzmann policy set for non-optimal soft value function is not persuasive enough. In this paper, we first derive soft policy gradient based on entropy regularized expected reward objective for RL with continuous actions. Then, we present an off-policy actor-critic, model-free maximum entropy deep RL algorithm called deep soft policy gradient (DSPG) by combining soft policy gradient with soft Bellman equation. To ensure stable learning while eliminating the need of two separate critics for soft value functions, we leverage double sampling approach to making the soft Bellman equation tractable. The experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms in performance over off-policy prior methods.
Key facts. Cited by 18 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 2; 2023: 3; 2024: 4; 2025: 3; 2026: 1.
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- 2024Maximum Entropy Reinforcement Learning via Energy-Based Normalizing Flowcited by 25
- 2025EntroPIC: Towards Stable Long-Term Training of LLMs via Entropy Stabilization with Proportional-Integral Controlcited by 13
- 2023Inverse Decision Modeling: Learning Interpretable Representations of Behaviorcited by 10
- 2021Measuring Progress in Deep Reinforcement Learning Sample Efficiencycited by 8
- 2023Time-series Generation by Contrastive Imitationcited by 8
- 2021Optimistic Reinforcement Learning by Forward Kullback-Leibler Divergence Optimizationcited by 6
- 2021OffCon3: What is state of the art anyway?cited by 5
- 2022Proximal Policy Optimization with Adaptive Threshold for Symmetric Relative Density Ratiocited by 5
- 2025Performative Policy Gradient: Optimality in Performative Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2021A Bayesian Approach to Reinforcement Learning of Vision-Based Vehicular Controlcited by 3
- 2024How to Choose a Reinforcement-Learning Algorithmcited by 3
- 2024Maximum Entropy On-Policy Actor-Critic via Entropy Advantage Estimationcited by 2
6 more
- 2025Residual Policy Gradient: A Reward View of KL-regularized Objectivecited by 2
- 2021Entropy-Aware Model Initialization for Effective Exploration in Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2022Attribute Controllable Beautiful Caucasian Face Generation by Aesthetics Driven Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2024Deep Dive into Model-free Reinforcement Learning for Biological and Robotic Systems: Theory and Practicecited by 1
- 2023DSAC-C: Constrained Maximum Entropy for Robust Discrete Soft-Actor Criticcited by 0
- 2026Flow Perturbation++: Multi-Step Unbiased Jacobian Estimation for High-Dimensional Boltzmann Samplingcited by 0
- 2026Flow Perturbation++: Multi-Step Unbiased Jacobian Estimation for High-Dimensional Boltzmann Sampling29 Jan 2026
- 2025Performative Policy Gradient: Optimality in Performative Reinforcement Learning23 Dec 2025
- 2025EntroPIC: Towards Stable Long-Term Training of LLMs via Entropy Stabilization with Proportional-Integral Control19 Nov 2025
- 2025Residual Policy Gradient: A Reward View of KL-regularized Objective14 Mar 2025
- 2024How to Choose a Reinforcement-Learning Algorithm30 Jul 2024
- 2024Maximum Entropy On-Policy Actor-Critic via Entropy Advantage Estimation25 Jul 2024
- 2024Maximum Entropy Reinforcement Learning via Energy-Based Normalizing Flow22 May 2024
- 2024Deep Dive into Model-free Reinforcement Learning for Biological and Robotic Systems: Theory and Practice19 May 2024
- 2023Time-series Generation by Contrastive Imitation2 Nov 2023
- 2023Inverse Decision Modeling: Learning Interpretable Representations of Behavior28 Oct 2023
- 2023DSAC-C: Constrained Maximum Entropy for Robust Discrete Soft-Actor Critic26 Oct 2023
- 2022Attribute Controllable Beautiful Caucasian Face Generation by Aesthetics Driven Reinforcement Learning9 Aug 2022
6 more
- 2022Proximal Policy Optimization with Adaptive Threshold for Symmetric Relative Density Ratio18 Mar 2022
- 2021Entropy-Aware Model Initialization for Effective Exploration in Deep Reinforcement Learning24 Aug 2021
- 2021Optimistic Reinforcement Learning by Forward Kullback-Leibler Divergence Optimization27 May 2021
- 2021A Bayesian Approach to Reinforcement Learning of Vision-Based Vehicular Control8 Apr 2021
- 2021Measuring Progress in Deep Reinforcement Learning Sample Efficiency9 Feb 2021
- 2021OffCon3: What is state of the art anyway?27 Jan 2021
- 2024Maximum Entropy Reinforcement Learning via Energy-Based Normalizing Flowcited by 25
- 2025EntroPIC: Towards Stable Long-Term Training of LLMs via Entropy Stabilization with Proportional-Integral Controlcited by 13
- 2023Inverse Decision Modeling: Learning Interpretable Representations of Behaviorcited by 10
- 2021Measuring Progress in Deep Reinforcement Learning Sample Efficiencycited by 8
- 2023Time-series Generation by Contrastive Imitationcited by 8
- 2021Optimistic Reinforcement Learning by Forward Kullback-Leibler Divergence Optimizationcited by 6
- 2021OffCon3: What is state of the art anyway?cited by 5
- 2022Proximal Policy Optimization with Adaptive Threshold for Symmetric Relative Density Ratiocited by 5
- 2025Performative Policy Gradient: Optimality in Performative Reinforcement Learningcited by 4
- 2021A Bayesian Approach to Reinforcement Learning of Vision-Based Vehicular Controlcited by 3
- 2024How to Choose a Reinforcement-Learning Algorithmcited by 3
- 2024Maximum Entropy On-Policy Actor-Critic via Entropy Advantage Estimationcited by 2
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026Flow Perturbation++: Multi-Step Unbiased Jacobian Estimation for High-Dimensional Boltzmann Sampling29 Jan 2026
- 2025Performative Policy Gradient: Optimality in Performative Reinforcement Learning23 Dec 2025
- 2025EntroPIC: Towards Stable Long-Term Training of LLMs via Entropy Stabilization with Proportional-Integral Control19 Nov 2025
- 2024How to Choose a Reinforcement-Learning Algorithm30 Jul 2024
- 2024Maximum Entropy On-Policy Actor-Critic via Entropy Advantage Estimation25 Jul 2024
- 2024Maximum Entropy Reinforcement Learning via Energy-Based Normalizing Flow22 May 2024
- 2024Deep Dive into Model-free Reinforcement Learning for Biological and Robotic Systems: Theory and Practice19 May 2024
- 2023Time-series Generation by Contrastive Imitation2 Nov 2023
- 2023Inverse Decision Modeling: Learning Interpretable Representations of Behavior28 Oct 2023
- 2023DSAC-C: Constrained Maximum Entropy for Robust Discrete Soft-Actor Critic26 Oct 2023
- 2022Attribute Controllable Beautiful Caucasian Face Generation by Aesthetics Driven Reinforcement Learning9 Aug 2022
- 2022Proximal Policy Optimization with Adaptive Threshold for Symmetric Relative Density Ratio18 Mar 2022
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)